Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
What happens if someone has osteoarthritis?
The cartilage erodes at a joint
What is cartilage?
Rubber like padding at the end of bones that reduce friction and act as shock absorbers
What happens when someone has rheumatoid arthritis?
The bone erodes at a joint due to an autoimmune response.
What are the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis?
Rheumatoid nodules
Where is a ball and socket joint found in the body?
In the hip
Where is a pivot joint found in the body?
In the neck
Where can a fixed joint be found in the body?
In the cranium
Where can a sliding joint be found in the body?
In the wrist
Where can a hinge joint be found?
In the knee
What are the seven types of joints?
Ball and socket Hinge Saddle Condyloid Pivot Gliding and sliding Fixed
What are bones at joints bound together by?
Strong flexible fibres aka ligaments
What do joints connect?
bone with bone
Give two examples of antagonistic pairs?
Biceps and triceps
Hamstrings
Muscles can only do what?
pull
What can’t muscles do?
push
What is the role of the agonist?
The agonist does the work
What does the antagonist do?
It relaxes
What does it mean when muscles contract?
They become shorter
What happens when muscles relax?
The become longer
What is a tendon?
A tough material joining a muscle to a bone
What are antagonistic muscles (AKA antagonistic pair)?
muscles that work together.
What happens when antagonistic pairs work together?
One contracts, and the other one relaxes
Osteoarthritis
Complete the sentence:
Joints become painful and _____ often in the knees, ____ and the small joints of the _____.
1) stiff
2) hips
3) hands
Osteoarthritis
Complete the sentence:
Joint _____ and increased ____ happens if the joint has not been _____ in a while.
1) Tenderness
2) Pain
3) Moved
Osteoarthritis
There can be a ________ noise or _______ sensation at the joint
1) cracking
2) grating
Osteoarthritis
You can have limited range of ________ at the ____
1) movement
2) Joint
Joints may appear more (what ) than normal for someone with osteoarthritis?
Knobbly
What is the epiphyseal line?
A part of the bone that replaces the growth plate once the person has reached adult height.
What is periosteum?
A membrane that covers the outside of the bone
What is a compact bone?
A denser bone that creates a hard structure in the middle of the bone
Where is a spongy bone found?
At the ends of long bones
Complete the sentence:
Spongy bones are ______, weaker and more ________
1) softer
2) flexible
What is the medullary cavity of a bone?
It is the central cavity of the bone
What is stored in the medullary cavity?
Bone marrow
What is produced in the bone marrow?
Blood cells
What is the blood vessels function?
To carry blood through the body
What are blood vessels part of?
The circulatory system
What is the role of osteocytes?
To maintain the bone
What are the canaliculi?
Small passages
What happens in the canaliculi?
Nutrients are exchanged
Complete the sentence:
In the ________ of the _______, blood vessels run through the _________ _______.
1) middle
2) osteon
3) haversian
4) canal
What are the roles of cartilage?
Shock absorber
Prevents friction
What does synovial fluid do?
It lubricates and nourishes the joint as well as preventing friction.
What is stored inside the synovial membrane?
Synovial fluid
Complete the sentence: energy and muscle contraction
ATP is converted into ___ during ______ contraction which releases _____ to the cell.
1) ADP
2) Muscle
3) Energy
What is the part of the bone called when it is cut top to bottom?
The Vertical cross section
What is the bone section called when it is cut through the middle?
The transverse section of the bone
Muscles can only generate force when it is…?
Contracting
If muscles can only generate a force when it is contracting then what can they not do?
Push
How many muscles are required for movement around the joint?
Two
Complete the sentences:
Most joints use pairs of muscles acting in _________ directions to generate movement. Such muscles are known as _________ pairs. The _______ and _______ and the ______ and ______ are just two examples of antagonistic pairs.
1) opposite
2) antagonistic
3) quadricep
4) hamstring
5) bicep
6) tricep
What is essential for muscle contraction?
Energy
Complete the sentence…
Energy is essential for muscle ________. ___ is converted to ___ during muscle contraction which releases the ______ to the cell. Without this energy, our _______ cannot contract, which means our bodies will not be able to _____.
1) contraction
2) ATP
3) ADP
4) energy
5) muscles
6) move
What is osteoporosis?
A health condition that weakens bones.
What does osteoporosis make the bones?
Fragile and more likely to break
How quickly does osteoporosis develop?
Slowly
When is osteoporosis usually diagnosed?
Usually after an unusual bone breaks or fractures
What are the most common fractures for someone with osteoporosis?
Wrist
Hip
Vertebrae
Someone who has very advanced osteoporosis can get a fracture from just doing what?
Sneezing
What is protein matrix?
A honeycomb structure
What does the protein matrix provide?
Strength so the bones can support our weight
What is bone density?
A measurement of the amount of calcium and other minerals in as segment of bone.
What does a higher mineral content in your bones indicate?
Higher bone density and more stregnth
What is the menopause?
It is when a woman stops having periods and are no longer able to get pregnant naturally.
Complete the sentences:
Osteoporosis is due to a loss of protein ______ from the bone resulting in a loss of bone density. The condition weakens bones so they become brittle, more _____ (lower bone mass) with more _____.
1) matrix
2) porous
3) holes
Complete the next sentences:
Bones naturally become _________ with age, particularly in _______, who lose bone rapidly in the first few years after menopause. This is because the hormone _________ (which promotes bone formation) _______ in __________ after ___________.
1) thinner
2) women
3) oestrogen
4) declines
5) in
6) production
7) menopause
What hormone promotes bone formation?
Oestrogen
What is a normal part of the ageing process?
Losing bone
What are the risk factors of getting osteoporosis?
Family history of the condition or of hip fractures
Heavy drinking and smoking
Having an eating disorder like anorexia
Long term of medications affecting bone stregnth like corticosteroids (used for arthritis and asthma)
Having other conditions like rheumatoid arthritis
Lifestyle factors like diet and exercise
What are the three methods of monitoring osteoporosis?
Bone density scans like a DEXA scan
Blood tests
Fracture of an unusual bone
What does a dexa scan measure?
Calcium levels in the bone.
What does a DEXA scan produce and what is it compared to?
It produces a ‘T-score’ and the score is compared to a healthy person of the same age.
What do blood tests determine for someone with osteoporosis?
The progression of the malfunction
What are the possible treatments for osteoporosis?
Taking calcium and vitamin D supplements Taking hormone replacement therapy Taking biphosphonates Having physiotherapy Using a TENS machine
What hormones are given to women taking hormones for osteoporosis?
Oestrogen and progesterone
What do biphosphonates do?
Slow the rate at which bone is broken down
What does physiotherapy do to the muscles?
Strengthens muscles and bones which means that there is less risk of fracture.
What does a TENS machine produce?
Electrical impulses
What is a TENS machine used for?
Arthritis
What does a TENS machine help reduce?
Pain
What is an osteocyte?
A bone cell
