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Anatomy and physiology health and social care (CTech) > Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What happens if someone has osteoarthritis?

A

The cartilage erodes at a joint

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2
Q

What is cartilage?

A

Rubber like padding at the end of bones that reduce friction and act as shock absorbers

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3
Q

What happens when someone has rheumatoid arthritis?

A

The bone erodes at a joint due to an autoimmune response.

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4
Q

What are the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Rheumatoid nodules

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5
Q

Where is a ball and socket joint found in the body?

A

In the hip

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6
Q

Where is a pivot joint found in the body?

A

In the neck

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7
Q

Where can a fixed joint be found in the body?

A

In the cranium

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8
Q

Where can a sliding joint be found in the body?

A

In the wrist

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9
Q

Where can a hinge joint be found?

A

In the knee

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10
Q

What are the seven types of joints?

A 
Ball and socket
Hinge 
Saddle 
Condyloid 
Pivot
Gliding and sliding
Fixed
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11
Q

What are bones at joints bound together by?

A

Strong flexible fibres aka ligaments

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12
Q

What do joints connect?

A

bone with bone

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13
Q

Give two examples of antagonistic pairs?

A

Biceps and triceps

Hamstrings

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14
Q

Muscles can only do what?

A

pull

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15
Q

What can’t muscles do?

A

push

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16
Q

What is the role of the agonist?

A

The agonist does the work

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17
Q

What does the antagonist do?

A

It relaxes

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18
Q

What does it mean when muscles contract?

A

They become shorter

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19
Q

What happens when muscles relax?

A

The become longer

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20
Q

What is a tendon?

A

A tough material joining a muscle to a bone

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21
Q

What are antagonistic muscles (AKA antagonistic pair)?

A

muscles that work together.

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22
Q

What happens when antagonistic pairs work together?

A

One contracts, and the other one relaxes

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23
Q

Osteoarthritis
Complete the sentence:
Joints become painful and _____ often in the knees, ____ and the small joints of the _____.

A

1) stiff
2) hips
3) hands

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24
Q

Osteoarthritis
Complete the sentence:
Joint _____ and increased ____ happens if the joint has not been _____ in a while.

A

1) Tenderness
2) Pain
3) Moved

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25
Q

Osteoarthritis

There can be a ________ noise or _______ sensation at the joint

A

1) cracking

2) grating

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26
Q

Osteoarthritis

You can have limited range of ________ at the ____

A

1) movement

2) Joint

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27
Q

Joints may appear more (what ) than normal for someone with osteoarthritis?

A

Knobbly

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28
Q

What is the epiphyseal line?

A

A part of the bone that replaces the growth plate once the person has reached adult height.

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29
Q

What is periosteum?

A

A membrane that covers the outside of the bone

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30
Q

What is a compact bone?

A

A denser bone that creates a hard structure in the middle of the bone

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31
Q

Where is a spongy bone found?

A

At the ends of long bones

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32
Q

Complete the sentence:

Spongy bones are ______, weaker and more ________

A

1) softer

2) flexible

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33
Q

What is the medullary cavity of a bone?

A

It is the central cavity of the bone

34
Q

What is stored in the medullary cavity?

A

Bone marrow

35
Q

What is produced in the bone marrow?

A

Blood cells

36
Q

What is the blood vessels function?

A

To carry blood through the body

37
Q

What are blood vessels part of?

A

The circulatory system

38
Q

What is the role of osteocytes?

A

To maintain the bone

39
Q

What are the canaliculi?

A

Small passages

40
Q

What happens in the canaliculi?

A

Nutrients are exchanged

41
Q

Complete the sentence:

In the ________ of the _______, blood vessels run through the _________ _______.

A

1) middle
2) osteon
3) haversian
4) canal

42
Q

What are the roles of cartilage?

A

Shock absorber

Prevents friction

43
Q

What does synovial fluid do?

A

It lubricates and nourishes the joint as well as preventing friction.

44
Q

What is stored inside the synovial membrane?

A

Synovial fluid

45
Q

Complete the sentence: energy and muscle contraction

ATP is converted into ___ during ______ contraction which releases _____ to the cell.

A

1) ADP
2) Muscle
3) Energy

46
Q

What is the part of the bone called when it is cut top to bottom?

A

The Vertical cross section

47
Q

What is the bone section called when it is cut through the middle?

A

The transverse section of the bone

48
Q

Muscles can only generate force when it is…?

A

Contracting

49
Q

If muscles can only generate a force when it is contracting then what can they not do?

A

Push

50
Q

How many muscles are required for movement around the joint?

A

Two

51
Q

Complete the sentences:
Most joints use pairs of muscles acting in _________ directions to generate movement. Such muscles are known as _________ pairs. The _______ and _______ and the ______ and ______ are just two examples of antagonistic pairs.

A

1) opposite
2) antagonistic
3) quadricep
4) hamstring
5) bicep
6) tricep

52
Q

What is essential for muscle contraction?

A

Energy

53
Q

Complete the sentence…
Energy is essential for muscle ________. ___ is converted to ___ during muscle contraction which releases the ______ to the cell. Without this energy, our _______ cannot contract, which means our bodies will not be able to _____.

A

1) contraction
2) ATP
3) ADP
4) energy
5) muscles
6) move

54
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

A health condition that weakens bones.

55
Q

What does osteoporosis make the bones?

A

Fragile and more likely to break

56
Q

How quickly does osteoporosis develop?

A

Slowly

57
Q

When is osteoporosis usually diagnosed?

A

Usually after an unusual bone breaks or fractures

58
Q

What are the most common fractures for someone with osteoporosis?

A

Wrist
Hip
Vertebrae

59
Q

Someone who has very advanced osteoporosis can get a fracture from just doing what?

A

Sneezing

60
Q

What is protein matrix?

A

A honeycomb structure

61
Q

What does the protein matrix provide?

A

Strength so the bones can support our weight

62
Q

What is bone density?

A

A measurement of the amount of calcium and other minerals in as segment of bone.

63
Q

What does a higher mineral content in your bones indicate?

A

Higher bone density and more stregnth

64
Q

What is the menopause?

A

It is when a woman stops having periods and are no longer able to get pregnant naturally.

65
Q

Complete the sentences:
Osteoporosis is due to a loss of protein ______ from the bone resulting in a loss of bone density. The condition weakens bones so they become brittle, more _____ (lower bone mass) with more _____.

A

1) matrix
2) porous
3) holes

66
Q

Complete the next sentences:
Bones naturally become _________ with age, particularly in _______, who lose bone rapidly in the first few years after menopause. This is because the hormone _________ (which promotes bone formation) _______ in __________ after ___________.

A

1) thinner
2) women
3) oestrogen
4) declines
5) in
6) production
7) menopause

67
Q

What hormone promotes bone formation?

A

Oestrogen

68
Q

What is a normal part of the ageing process?

A

Losing bone

69
Q

What are the risk factors of getting osteoporosis?

A

Family history of the condition or of hip fractures
Heavy drinking and smoking
Having an eating disorder like anorexia
Long term of medications affecting bone stregnth like corticosteroids (used for arthritis and asthma)
Having other conditions like rheumatoid arthritis
Lifestyle factors like diet and exercise

70
Q

What are the three methods of monitoring osteoporosis?

A

Bone density scans like a DEXA scan
Blood tests
Fracture of an unusual bone

71
Q

What does a dexa scan measure?

A

Calcium levels in the bone.

72
Q

What does a DEXA scan produce and what is it compared to?

A

It produces a ‘T-score’ and the score is compared to a healthy person of the same age.

73
Q

What do blood tests determine for someone with osteoporosis?

A

The progression of the malfunction

74
Q

What are the possible treatments for osteoporosis?

A 
Taking calcium and vitamin D supplements 
Taking hormone replacement therapy
Taking biphosphonates 
Having physiotherapy
Using a TENS machine
75
Q

What hormones are given to women taking hormones for osteoporosis?

A

Oestrogen and progesterone

76
Q

What do biphosphonates do?

A

Slow the rate at which bone is broken down

77
Q

What does physiotherapy do to the muscles?

A

Strengthens muscles and bones which means that there is less risk of fracture.

78
Q

What does a TENS machine produce?

A

Electrical impulses

79
Q

What is a TENS machine used for?

A

Arthritis

80
Q

What does a TENS machine help reduce?

A

Pain

81
Q

What is an osteocyte?

A

A bone cell

Anatomy and physiology health and social care (CTech) (12 decks)

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