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Anatomy and physiology health and social care (CTech) > Digestive system > Flashcards

Digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

What is assimilation?

A

The movement of digested food molecules into the cells of the body where they are used so they become part of these cells.

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2
Q

What happens to the excess glucose?

A

Transported to the liver

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3
Q

What is the excess glucose converted into?

A

Glucogen

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4
Q

What is glucose also used for?

A

Respiration

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5
Q

What happens to toxins in the liver?

A

Broken down

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6
Q

What are the three adaptions of the villi?

A

Microvilli
Network of capillaries which reduce the distance nutrients have to travel
Has lacteal which transports the products of fat.

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7
Q

What are the two types of digestion?

A

Chemical and mechanical digestion

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8
Q

What type of digestion uses enzymes to break down the food?

A

Chemical

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9
Q

What type of digestion physically breaks up food into smaller pieces?

A

Mechanical

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10
Q

What do protease break down?

A

proteins

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11
Q

What do Lipase break down?

A

Fats

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12
Q

What do amylases break down?

A

Carbohydrates

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13
Q

What do lactase break down?

A

Dairy

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14
Q

What do cellulase break down?

A

Fibre

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15
Q

What is the buccal cavity?

A

The buccal cavity is where we put food (the mouth).
It is where food is chewed to break it down
It is also known as the oral cavity

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16
Q

What are the salivary glands?

A

Salivary glands are the glands that produce saliva which helps moisten food and make it easier to swallow

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17
Q

What is the epiglottis?

A

A flap of cartilage that covers the opening of the windpipe when swallowing food

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18
Q

What is the oesophagus?

A

Muscular tube that connects the throat and the stomach.

Food moves down the oesophagus to the stomach using peristalsis to help the food move down the pipe towards the stomach

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19
Q

What is the stomach?

A

A sac with muscular walls that churn the food inside to break it up.

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20
Q

What does the stomach produce and what is the role of this product?

A

It produces hydrochloric acid and enzymes to digest the food

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21
Q

What is the small intestine?

A

It is also known as the duodenum.

It is where chyme gets chemically altered by fluids from the liver and bile from the pancreas

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22
Q

What is the duodenum lined with and what are these?

A

The small intestine is lined with villi which are finger like extensions in the intestinal wall

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23
Q

What do the villi on the intestinal wall do?

A

Increase the surface area and help the absorption of of nutrients into the bloodstream

24
Q

What is the large intestine?

A

The large intestine is also known as the colon.

It’s role is to process waste products in preparation for elimination from the body

25
Q

What is the rectum?

A

Last part of the colon and links to the anus

Its role is to store faeces until they can be expelled from the body

26
Q

What is the anus?

A

It is the opening in the body through which the faeces are expelled by the process of defecation

27
Q

What controls the opening and closing of the anus?

A

The Anal Sphinctor

28
Q

What does the liver do?

A

It breaks down toxins and old blood cells
It also stores vitamins and minerals
It produces many kinds of protein

29
Q

Where is the liver found?

A

Next to and slightly behind the stomach

30
Q

What is the gallbladders role?

A

To concentrate bile which helps with digestion

31
Q

What is the bile duct?

A

A small tube like structure

32
Q

What is the bile ducts role?

A

To carry bile from the liver all the way up to the duodenum where it is emptied

33
Q

What is the pancreas?

A

A six-inch long gland that is located in your abdomen near the liver and part of the intestine

34
Q

What does the pancreas do?

A

Secretes insulin and glucagon

This is vital in controlling your blood sugar levels

35
Q

What is the role of the pancreatic duct?

A

Carries enzymes from the pancreas to the small intestine

36
Q

Where does the pancreatic duct unite with the bile duct?

A

Just before the opening into the small intestine

37
Q

What does chewing food do?

A

Breaks it up so it’s small enough to swallow.

38
Q

Where does the gallbladder sit?

A

Just under the liver

39
Q

What is coeliac disease?

A

It is an autoimmune disease

40
Q

What is an autoimmune disease?

A

A disease that makes the body attack itself due to making it think that it is a pathogen

41
Q

What are the causes of coeliac disease?

A

Runs in families, genetic mutations, gluten in a baby’s diet before 6 months

42
Q

What type of disease is coeliac disease and what does this mean?

A

Auto-immune which means that the body mistakes a part of itself to be dangerous making it attack itself

43
Q

What does the immune system mistake as being dangerous for someone with Coeliac disease?

A

Gliadin which is a substance found in gluten

44
Q

What does the attack on gliadin cause?

A

Damage to the small intestine

45
Q

What antibodies produced by the immune system cause to happen?

A 
surface of the intestine becomes inflamed,
villi are flattened, 
meaning the body
cannot absorb as many nutrients
(because the surface area of the small
intestine has been reduced).
46
Q

What are the symptoms of coeliac disease? (get at least 5)

A 
Indigestion, 
Stomach pain, 
Bloating, 
Flatulence, 
Diarrhoea or constipation, 
Anaemia and 
Loss of appetite. 
Feeling tired all the time as a result of malnutrition 
Children not growing at the expected rate and adults experiencing unexpected weight loss.
47
Q

What are the symptoms of IBS? (Try and remember at least 4)

A 
Stomach pain and cramping
Changes to bowel habits 
Bloating and swelling of the stomach 
Excessive wind AKA flatulence 
Sudden need to go to the toilet 
Feeling as though the bowels haven't fully emptied after going to the toilet 
Mucus passing from the anus
48
Q

What is the biological explanation of IBS?

A

A patient with IBS has food that moves
through the digestive system either
too slowly or too quickly.

Problems with the absorption of bile
during the digestive process may be a cause of IBS in some cases

49
Q

What happens if food moves through the digestive system too slowly?

A

It causes constipation because too much water is absorbed by the small intestine causing the faeces to be hard

50
Q

What happens if food moves through the digestive system too quickly?

A

It causes diarrhoea because not enough water is being absorbed by the small intestine

51
Q

What is the cause of IBS?

A

One of the causes is believed to be linked to increased sensitivity of the gut to certain foods.

Another cause is problems digesting food

Finally symptoms are triggered by eating certain foods or drinks

52
Q

What are the symptoms of gallstones?

A 
Abdominal pain 
Excessive sweating 
Vomitting 
Feeling sick
Jaundice 
Itchy skin 
Diarrhoea 
Loss of apetite
53
Q

What is the biological explanation of gallstones

A

Galstones can form if there are unusually high levels of cholestrol in the gall bladder or unusually high levels of waste product known as bilirubin in the gallbladder

54
Q

What do the chemical imbalances that are part of the cause of IBS grow into and how big are they?

A

Tiny crystals develop in the bile which can gradually grow into tiny pebbles ranging in size from a tiny grain of sand to a pebble

55
Q

What are the causes of IBS?

A

Caused by an imbalance of chemical make-up of bile in the gallbladder

56
Q

What makes IBS more likely?

A 
Overweight 
Obese
Over 40 years old
Has a condition that affects the flow of bile 
Has a family member with the condition

Anatomy and physiology health and social care (CTech) (12 decks)

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