Musculoskeletal system

Question 1

Common locations of pressure ulcers

Answer 1

Sacrum 
Heels 
Elbow 
Back of head and ears 
Shoulders 
Ball of heal (wheel chair)

Question 2

Stage 1 pressure ulcer:

Answer 2

No Blanching

Question 3

Stage 2 pressure ulcer:

Answer 3

Open skin

Question 4

Stage 3 pressure ulcer:

Answer 4

Start of necrosis

Question 5

Stage 4 pressure ulcer:

Answer 5

All the way to the bone

Question 6

At risk (15-18)

Answer 6

t and p
help move/ be active as possible
protect heals
use pressure- redistribution

Question 7

Moderate

Answer 7

Same protocol as at risk patients

Use 30 degree wedge at a lateral incline

Question 8

High risk

Answer 8

Use same protocol as at risk patients

Make minor changes in their positions

Question 9

Very high risk

Answer 9

Use same protocol as at risk patients

Make minor changes in their positions

Question 10

Cardiovascular effects of immobility

Answer 10

Decreased cardiac reserve 
	Increased resting heart rate 
	Venous stasis ulcer 
	Orthostatic hypertension 
	Dependent edema
	Thrombophlebitis, thrombus, embolus

Question 11

Respiratory effects of immobility

Answer 11

Decreased respiratory movement 
	Decreased vital capacity 
	Stasis of secretions 	
	Atelectasis (partially collapsed lung) 
Decreased surfactant

Question 12

Metabolic effects of immobility

Answer 12

Decreased metabolic rate 
	Decreased GI motility 
	Constipation 
	Anorexia 
	Anabolism- Build up 
	Catabolism- Break down 
Parlytic illus- stop in the movement of the bowels

Question 13

Integumentary effects of immobility

Answer 13

Decreased skin turgor
Increased skin breakdown
Pressure ulcers

Question 14

Renal effects of immobility

Answer 14

UTIs 
	Renal caniculi ( stones ) cause its just sitting there
	Overflow incontinence ( when someone can’t go to the bathroom and it “sneaks out” ) 
	Functional incontinence ( when someone cant get to the bathroom in time)

Question 15

Chemistry for someone who is immobile

Answer 15

BUN (kidney function)
Creatine(muscle breakdown)
CBC (decreased HGT and Hct dt decreased activity)
ESR (Erythocyte sedimentation rate, increases with inflammation)
Hydration

Question 16

Hematology

Answer 16

Protein

Rheumatoid

Question 17

Dye for CTs

Answer 17

ask for an allergy to shellfish and iodine

Increased risk for reaction in people with asthma, allergies, heart disease, kidney disease

Question 18

Corticosteroids

Answer 18

decrease inflammation, but suppresses immunity
Given as a glucosteriod
Side effects: weakness, thinning, bruising, prolonged healing times

Question 19

Antibiotics

Answer 19

fight bacterial infections
Side effects: constipation, diarrhea, skin break down
Can cause a yeast infection and screw up some OCs

Question 20

Antithrombotic

Answer 20

prevents clotting

Side effects: bleeding , bruising

Question 21

Scoliosis

Answer 21

• is usually acquired in a growth spurt right before puberty
• boys and girls develop it at the same rate however girls are at a higher risk for it becoming severe
• family history scoliosis runs in families however families do not always have a family history of the disease

Question 22

Signs and symptoms of scoliosis

Answer 22

• one shoulder tilted downward towards a raised hip
• prominent ribs
• protruding shoulder blade
• tilted waist
• curve is pronounced when the child bends forward

Question 23

Dexa scans

Answer 23

Measures bone density