immune system Flashcards
WHO
World health organization international
CDC
national regulatory agency
disease
alteration of normal tissue
communicable
readily transmitted
pathogenicity
pathogen able to produce a disease “true pathogen”
bacteremia
bacteria in blood
septicemia
infection in blood
Nosocomial infections
are acquired by patients while in health care facilities such as hospitals and clinics. Nosocomial diseases are among some of the most common and costly medical problems today, accounting for ~90,000 deaths annually in the United States alone.
Exogenous nosocomial infections
are the result of pathogens being spread by patients as they are shed from various portals of exit while the patients are in the health care facility.
Endogenous nosocomial infection
are the result of opportunistic pathogens already present in or on the body of the patient and brought on by conditions present at or the direct result of activities at the health care facility.
Iatrogenic nosocomial infections
are spread by health care workers, generally as the result improper sanitary conditions, failure to follow universal precautions, or contaminated invasive surgical or patient care equipment.
Links in the chain of infection
etiological agent-> reservoir (source of microbes)-> portal of exit from resivour-> mode of transmissions (direct or indirect)->portal of entry-> compromised host
course of infection
incubation-> prodromal -> illness -> decline -> convalescence
nonspecific/1st line of defense
skin and intact mucus membranes
nonspecific/2nd line of defense
a local or non specific inflammatory response
stage 1 of inflammatory response
constriction and dilation of blood vessels, leads to hyperemia, bone marrow increases production of WBC
stage 2 of inflammatory response
exudate phase consists of fluids from dead phagocytes, and dead tissue.
stage 3 inflammatory response
repaired tissue injury by regeneration and granulation
immunoglobulins are produced by ____ and defend against ____ and _____
B lymphocytes
extracellular bacterial and viral infection
active immunity
host produces antibodies in response to antigens
naturally acquired antigens
infectious organisms
artificially acquired antigens
vaccines
natural/passive sources
breast milk
artificial/passive sources
injections of gammuglobin
helper T cells
enhance the production of T cells and mobilizes macrophages
cytotoxic T cells
killer cells
suppressor T cells
stop processes and closes the immune respones
antiseptics
clean skin/disinfect skin
disinfectant
disinfects inanimate objects
tier 1 of precautions
universal precautions
tier 2 of precautions
airborne
droplet
contact
airborne precautions
negative pressure room mask gloves hand hygene door stays shut
droplet/contact precautions
fluid resistant mask gown gloves hand hygene visitors: visit nurse station before entering the room
OSHA
- puncture wounds
- skin contact
- mucous membrane contact
NIOSH
part of CDC conducts research about preventing work place related injury
Live attenuated viruses
derived from virus and bacteria in a lab, such a little amount it triggers a response but does not cause an illness (it still can sometimes- but rare)
Inactivated vaccines
an organism heated to be deactivated is added to the body and cannot replicate and cause any illness
toxoids
a chemically modified toxin from a pathogenic microorganism, which is no longer toxic but is still antigenic and can be used as a vaccine.
antineoplastics
chemotherapy
roseola
herpes virus causes roseola, causes several days of a rash and fever
scarlet fever
causes by strep throat infection, common in children until 5-15
erythrema infectiosum
a mildy fever in school children rare in infants and children
rocky mountain spotted fever
a bacterial infection spread by a tick, can usually cause serious damage to internal organs, kidneys,and heart
