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musculoskeletal system Flashcards

paper 1

1
Q

what are the functions of the skeleton

A
  • support
  • protection of vital organs
  • structural shape and muscle attachment
  • movement
  • blood cell production
  • mineral storage
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2
Q

what does support mean

A

keeps us upright and hold the rest of the body (muscles and organs) in place

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3
Q

what protection mean

A

some bones surround and protect vital organs from damage

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4
Q

what does structural shape and muscle attachment mean

A

the skeleton provides support by providing structural shape for muscles and tissues to attach

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5
Q

what does movement mean

A

bones provide anchors for muscles to attach. tendons attach muscle to bones. muscles pull on bones to create movement

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6
Q

what does blood cell production mean

A

RBC carry oxygen
WBC fight infection
platelets clot blood

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7
Q

what does mineral storage mean

A

calcium and phosphorus is stored in the bones to keep them strong

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8
Q

what is synovial fluid

A

lubricates and reduces friction of the joint, supplies nutrients and removes waste products

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9
Q

what is the synovial membrane

A

contains and releases synovial fluid

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10
Q

what is the articular cartilage

A

prevents bones from rubbing and acts as a shock absorber

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11
Q

what is a ligament

A

joins BONE to BONE, helps stabilise the joint

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12
Q

what is the bursae

A

fluid filled sacs that provides a cushion between the tendons and bones, reducing friction

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13
Q

what is a tendon

A

joins MUSCLE to BONE

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14
Q

what are the different possible movements at a joint

A
  • flexion
  • extension
  • abduction
  • adduction
  • plantar flexion
  • dorsi flexion
  • rotation
  • circumduction
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15
Q

what is flexion

A

bending movement, decreasing the angle at the joint

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16
Q

what is extension

A

straightening movement, increasing the angle at the joint

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17
Q

what is abduction

A

moving away from the midline of the body

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18
Q

what is adduction

A

moving towards the midline of the body

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19
Q

what is plantar flexion

A

pointing the toe downwards

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20
Q

what is dorsi flexion

A

pointing the toes upwards

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21
Q

what is a rotation

A

rotation around a joint or axis

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22
Q

what is circumduction

A

movement in the shape of a cone, flexion/ extension/ abduction/ adduction

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23
Q

what are the two types of freely movable joints

A
  • hinge joint
  • ball and socket joint
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24
Q

where are hinge joints found, and what movement do they allow

A
  • at the elbow, knee, ankle
  • flexion, extension
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25
Q

where are ball and socket joints found, and what movement do they allow

A
  • at the hip, shoulder
  • flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, circumduction
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26
Q

what are the different types of bones

A
  • long bones
  • short bones
  • flat bones
  • irregular bones
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27
Q

what are long bones

A
  • longer than they are wide
  • enable gross movements by working as levers
  • e.g. humerus, tibia, ulna
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28
Q

what are short bones

A
  • as wide as they are long
  • allow finer controlled movements
  • e.g. tarsals (ankle) and carpals (wrist)
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29
Q

what are flat bones

A
  • protect organs
  • offer a broad surface for muscles to attach to
  • e.g. ribs protect internal organs when getting tackled in rugby
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30
Q

what are irregular bones

A
  • have odd shapes and perform a range of functions
  • e.g. vertebrae
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31
Q

what are the different muscular contractions

A
  • isotonic muscle contraction
  • isometric muscle contraction
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32
Q

what is an isotonic muscle contraction

A
  • those that result in movement
  • e.g. running and jumping
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33
Q

what is an isometric muscle contraction

A
  • when the muscle contracts but no movement
  • e.g. holding a balance
34
Q

what is a concentric muscle contraction

A
  • when the muscle shortens during the contraction
  • positive, upward phase
35
Q

what is an eccentric muscle contraction

A
  • when the muscle lengthens during the contraction
  • negative, downwards phase
36
Q

what are articulating bones
give an example

A
  • where two or more bones meet to allow movement at a joint
  • e.g. humerus and radius/ ulna
37
Q

define ‘agonist’

A

muscle or group of muscles responsible for movement

38
Q

define ‘antagonist’

A

muscles that act to produce the opposite movement to the agonist

39
Q

how do muscles work

A

in antagonistic pairs

40
Q

name the agonist and antagonist when doing the upwards phase of a bicep curl

A

agonist- bicep
antagonist- triceps

41
Q

name the agonist and antagonist when straightening the arm to punch

A

agonist- triceps
antagonist- bicep

42
Q

what are the antagonistic pairs

A
  • quadriceps and hamstrings
  • hip flexors and gluteus maximus
  • gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior
  • biceps and triceps
43
Q

what contraction do the biceps do in:
1: upward phase of a bicep curl
2: downward phase of a bicep curl

A
  1. contracting concentrically
  2. contracting eccentrically
44
Q

what is the bone at the kneecap

45
Q

what bone is at the front of the lower leg

46
Q

what bone is at the back/ side of the lower leg

47
Q

what bone connects to the ankle

48
Q

what is the bone on the upper leg

49
Q

what is the hip bone

50
Q

what is the upper arm bone

51
Q

what is the bone in the middle of the chest

52
Q

what is the skull called

53
Q

what is the shoulder blade called

54
Q

what bone is attached to the thumb in the lower arm

55
Q

what is the other bone in the lower arm

56
Q

what is the back bone (spine) called

57
Q

where is the deltoid found

A

muscle on the upper arm and top of shoulder

58
Q

what is the function of the deltoid
give a sporting example

A
  • move the upper arm (shoulder) in all directions
  • serve in tennis, front crawl, cricket bowling
59
Q

where is the latissimus dorsi found

A

back muscle from the lower spine to the upper arm

60
Q

what is the function of the latissimus dorsi
give a sporting example

A
  • adducts and extends the arm at the shoulder
  • butterfly stroke, pull ups, rowing stroke
61
Q

where is the rotator cuff found

A

on the scapula in the shoulder

62
Q

what is the function of the rotator cuff
give a sporting example

A
  • rotation of the shoulder
  • bowling in cricket, swimming front crawl
63
Q

where are the pectoralis major found

A

muscle covering the chest

64
Q

what is the function of the pectoralis major
give a sporting example

A
  • adducts the arm at the shoulder
  • forehand shot, hand off in rugby, boxing hook
65
Q

where are the abdominals found

A

side of the abdomen

66
Q

what is the function of the abdominals
give a sporting example

A
  • pulls the chest downwards, flexion of the spinal column
  • crunches
67
Q

where are the biceps found

A

front of the upper arm

68
Q

what is the function of the biceps
give a sporting example

A
  • elbow flexion
  • boxing uppercut, preparing to throw a javelin
69
Q

where are the triceps found

A

back of the upper arm

70
Q

what is the function of the triceps
give a sporting example

A
  • elbow extension
  • throwing a javelin, hand off in rugby, boxing jab
71
Q

where are the gluteus maximus found

A

form the buttocks

72
Q

what is the function of the gluteus maximus
give a sporting example

A
  • adducts and extends the hips, pulling the leg backwards
  • pull leg back before kicking a ball
73
Q

where are the hip flexors found

A

front of the hip

74
Q

what is the function of the hip flexors
give a sporting example

A
  • flexes the hip, moves the hip upwards
  • lifting knees when sprinting
75
Q

where are the quadriceps found

A

front of the upper leg

76
Q

what is the function of the quadriceps
give a sporting example

A
  • knee extension
  • kicking a ball, jumping upwards on a lay-up shot
77
Q

where are the hamstrings found

A

back of the upper leg

78
Q

what is the function of the hamstrings
give a sporting example

A
  • knee flexion
  • bending knee before kicking a ball
79
Q

where is the gastrocnemius found

A

calf muscle, attached by the Achilles tendon

80
Q

what is the function of the gastrocnemius
give a sporting example

A
  • plantar flexion, points the toes
  • running, diving and gymnastics
81
Q

where is the tibialis anterior found

A

muscle the runs down the shin

82
Q

what is the function of the tibialis anterior
give a sporting example

A
  • dorsi flexion, pulls toes upwards
  • ski jumping, hurdling

gcse pe (30 decks)

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