MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

Question 1

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

Answer 1

1. Provides support for other body tissues, bony protrusions serve as an anchor point for ligaments and tendons
2. Protects the internal organs
3. Assists body movements, most skeletal muscles are attached to bone, act as levers
4. Stores and releases salts of calcium and phosphorus
5. Participates in blood cell production
6. Stores triglycerides in adipose cells of yellow bone marrow, energy reserve

Question 2

What are the 8 components that comprise a long bone?

Answer 2

1. Diaphysis
2. 2 epiphyses
3. 3 metaphyses
4. articular cartilage
5. periosteum
6. medullary cavity
7. endosteum
8. epiphyseal line

Question 3

Location and function of compact bone

Answer 3

• Strongest bone: good at providing support and protection
• sits just below the periosteum
• diaphysis is mostly compact bone
• dense and heavy, made of osteons

Question 4

Location and function of spongy bone (aka cancellous bone or trabecular)

Answer 4

• towards the interior of the bone, covered by a layer of compact bone
• irregular pattern of thin columns (trabecular)
• lightweight, provides tissue support and disperses stress

Question 5

Where is red bone marrow and what is it responsible for?

Answer 5

• In spongy bone

- blood cell production (erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes)

Question 6

What is yellow bone marrow and what is it responsible for?

Answer 6

• Located in medullar cavity

- mainly fat, serves as an energy store

Question 7

How does collagen contribute to bone structure?

Answer 7

Provides tensile strength, makes bones resistant to stretching or tearing

Question 8

How do mineral salts contribute to bone structure?

Answer 8

Provides hardness and strength, resists compression

Question 9

Function of:

1. Osteoblasts
2. Osteoclasts
3. Osteocytes

Answer 9

1. builds bone, synthesises and secretes collagen, initiates calcification
2. Break down the bone, secretes enzymes that digest proteins and minerals
3. Involved in exchange of nutrients and waste materials between bone and blood supply

Question 10

What is ossification?

Answer 10

Bone production

Question 11

What are the functions of ligaments?

Answer 11

Connect bone to bone

Question 12

What are the functions of tendons?

Answer 12

connect bone to muscle

Question 13

3 types of joint movements

Answer 13

No movement: synarthrosis
Slight movement: amphiarthrosis
Free movement: diarthrosis

Question 14

Fibrous joints:

1. connection
2. examples
3. movement

Answer 14

1. dense irregular connective tissue
2. Skull structure, tooth socket, distal tibiofibular joint
3. Little to none

Question 15

Cartilaginous joints:

1. connection
2. examples
3. movement

Answer 15

1. cartilage
2. epiphysis and diaphysis in growing long bone, pubic symphysis
3. Little to none

Question 16

Synovial joints

1. connection
2. examples
3. movement

Answer 16

1. Dense connective tissue, joint capsule and ligaments with synovial cavity
2. Knee, elbow, finger, ankle
3. Free

Question 17

Functions of the muscular system

Answer 17

• Movement
• Support and protection
• Control entry and exit of substances
• Movement of substances through the body
• heat production
• storage of nutrients

Question 18

Properties of muscle tissue

Answer 18

• Electrical excitability
• Contractility
• Extensibility
• Elasticity

Question 19

Skeletal muscle properties and functions

Answer 19

Properties: striated, multinucleate, long cylindrical muscle fibres wrapped in sarcolemma, attached to bones by tendons

Functions: contracts to facilitate voluntary movement

Question 20

Cardiac muscle properties and functions

Answer 20

Properties: striated, mostly single nucleus, branched cylindrical muscle fibres joined by intercalated discs

Functions: contracts to move blood through the heart and body, under involuntary (autonomic) control

Question 21

Smooth muscle properties and functions

Answer 21

Properties: not striated, single nucleus, tapered at each end, thickest in the middle (spindle shaped), connected to other smooth muscle cells by gap junctions, located in walls of hollow internal structures

Functions: contracts to move substances, contributes to airway diameter, blood pressure, pupil dilation, involuntary control.

Question 22

What does a skeletal muscle consist of?

Answer 22

Individual muscle fibres/cells, bundled into fascicles and surrounded by 3 connective tissue layers that are extensions of the fascia

Plus blood vessels and nerves