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Systems Path 1 > Musculoskeletal Pathologies > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal Pathologies Flashcards

1
Q

Dysostosis

A

Developmental anomaly of bone or cartilage

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2
Q

Syndactyly frequency

A

1 in 2,500 births

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3
Q

Sprengel’s deformity

A

Undescended scapula

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4
Q

Sprengel’s deformity can cause

A

Renal and cardiac malformations

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5
Q

Dysplasia

A

Mutations interfere with growth

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6
Q

Height to be considered a dwarf

A

<4’10”

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7
Q

MC form of dwarfism

A

Achondroplasia

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8
Q

Mutated gene in achondroplasia

A

FGFR3

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9
Q

Achondroplasia
___ are spontaneous
___ are autosomal dominant

A

90%

10%

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10
Q

Spontaneous achondroplasia MC from

A

Sperm (high paternal age)

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11
Q

Freq of achondroplasia

A

1 in 10,000

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12
Q

____ is inhibited in achondroplasia

A

Growth plates

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13
Q

Symptoms of achondroplasia

A

Short/bowed long bones
Frontal bossing
Midface hypoplasia
Trident hand

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14
Q

Frontal bossing

A

Excessive curvature of frontal bone

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15
Q

Bullet vertebrae in achondroplasia an cause

A

Hyperlordosis
Kyphosis
Scoliosis

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16
Q

Spinal abnormalities in achondroplasia

A

Bullet vertebrae

Spinal stenosis

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17
Q

Spinal stenosis can occur in

A

Foramen magnum

Spinal canal

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18
Q

Achondroplasia treatment growth hormone

A

Somatotropin

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19
Q

Thanatophoric dwarfism

A

Extremely small thorax and short long bones

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20
Q

Thanatophoric dwarfism is __ and ___

A

Rare

Fatal

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21
Q

Osteogenesis imperfecta aka

A

Brittle bone disease

Type 1 collagen disease

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22
Q

Thanatophoric means

A

Death loving

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23
Q

Type 1 osteogenesis imperfecta

A

Normal lifespan

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24
Q

Type 2 osteogenesis imperfecta

A

Lethal in utero

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25
Q

Osteogenesis imperfecta is autosomal ___

A

Dominant

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26
Q

Osteogenesis imperfecta results in

A

Mutated type 1 collagen

Alpha 1 or 2 chains

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27
Q

Childhood osteogenesis imperfecta can result in

A 
Fractures 
Bowing 
Scoliosis 
Hearing loss
Dwarfism
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28
Q

Cleidocranial dysostosis

A

Absent clavicle

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29
Q

Klippel-feil syndrome

A

Congenital fusion of >2 cervical vertebrae

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30
Q

“Blue sclera” can be observed in this condition

A

Osteogenesis imperfecta

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31
Q

Adjusting is ___ in osteogenesis imperfecta

A

Contraindicated

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32
Q

Zebra stripe sign

A

Bisphosphonates cyclically given to treat osteogenesis imperfecta in children

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33
Q

Osteopetrosis aka

A

Marble bone disease

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34
Q

Osteopetrosis has low ___ activity

A

Osteoclasts

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35
Q

Treatment for osteopetrosis

A

Low calcium intake

Stem cell transplant

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36
Q

Skeletal sclerosis

A

Hardening

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37
Q

Bony stenosis in osteopetrosis can cause

A

CN palsies

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38
Q

Osteopetrosis can cause abnormal

A

Hematopoiesis

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39
Q

Abnormal hematopoiesis can cause

A

Fatigue (low RBC)

Infections (low WBC)

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40
Q

X-ray features of osteopetrosis

A

No medullary canal

Erlenmeyer flask deformity

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41
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Severe bone mineral density reduction at least -2.5 SD from normal

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42
Q

Osteoporosis is evaluated with a ___ scan

A

DEXA

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43
Q

Osteoporosis fractures are common in

A

Trabecular bone

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44
Q

MC places for fracture with osteoporosis

A

Vertebral bodies
Femur
Calcaneus

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45
Q

Osteopenia

A

Bone mineralization below normal but not severe

Between 1 and 2.5 SD below normal

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46
Q

Bone mineralization peaks between

A

25-30 yo

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47
Q

Osteoblasts activity ____ with age

A

Decreases

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48
Q

Senile osteoporosis

A

Age related loss in bone mineralization

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49
Q

Activity decreases with age, which ___ bone loss

A

Accelerates

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50
Q

Menopause causes ___ osteoclast Activity

A

Accelerated

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51
Q

Osteoclast activity in menopause is stimulated by

A

Low estrogen

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52
Q

Compression fractures on vertebral bodies can cause ___ (MC in women with osteoporosis)

A

Dowager’s hump

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53
Q

Complications of osteoporosis

A

Immobility
Spinal deformity
Pulmonary embolism
Pneumonia

54
Q

Drug that can decrease osteoclast activity

A

Bisphosphonates

55
Q

Vitamin D deficiency in kids

A

Rickets

56
Q

Rickets can cause

A

Stunted growth
Bowing of lower extremities
Increased fracture risk

57
Q

Vit D deficiency in adults

A

Osteomalacia

58
Q

____ less severe than rickets and mimics osteoporosis

A

Osteomalacia

59
Q

Hyperparathyroidism

A

Elevated PTH levels

60
Q

PTH regulates

A

Blood calcium levels

61
Q

PTH stimulates ___ activity

A

Osteoclast

62
Q

Primary hyperparathyroidism

A

Parathyroid glands overproduce PTH

63
Q

Primary cause of primary hyperparathyroidism

A

Adenoma of parathyroid gland

64
Q

Primary hyperparathyroidism MC in

A

Women age 50

65
Q

Secondary hyperparathyroidism primary cause

A

Chronic kidney disease

66
Q

Chronic kidney disease can cause ____, which results in elevated ___

A

Hypocalcemia

PTH

67
Q

Other cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

Vit D deficiency

68
Q

Symptoms of hyperparathyroidism

A

Hypercalcemia
Kidney stones
Brown tumor

69
Q

Brown tumor

A

Non-neoplastic

Develops following localized osteolysis

70
Q

Steps of developing brown tumor

A
  1. Bone weakens
  2. Hemorrhage occurs
  3. Macrophages accumulate
  4. Fibrotic tissue fills area
71
Q

Skeletal changes due to hyperparathyroidism

A

Resorption of trabecular and cortical bone

Osteitis fibrosa cystica

72
Q

Hyperparathyroidism:

Radiological appearance of vertebral bodies

A

Rugger jersey spine

73
Q

Hyperparathyroidism:

Radiological appearance phalanges

A

Resorption of cortex

Primarily on radial side of middle and distal phalanges

74
Q

Hyperparathyroidism:

Radiological appearance calvaria

A

Salt and pepper skull

75
Q

Hyperparathyroidism:

Radiological appearance long bones of lower extremity

A

Osteitis fibrosa cystica

76
Q

Paget Disease of bone aka

A

Osteitis deformans

77
Q

Paget Disease involves both ___ and ___ activity

A

Osteoclasts

Osteoblasts

78
Q

Paget Disease results in

A

Sclerotic phase

79
Q

Weak bone with “shaggy” appearance

A

Paget Disease

80
Q

“Jigsaw puzzle” mosaic pattern

A

Paget Disease

81
Q

Paget disease is mostly ____

A

Idiopathic

82
Q

Most paget Disease is

A

Asymptomatic

83
Q

Paget disease: if symptomatic, MC pain present in

A

Neck and back

84
Q

Largest risk factor for paget disease

A

Increasing age

85
Q

Ivory vertebrae sign can indicate

A

Paget disease
Metastatic cancer (prostate)
Lymphoma

86
Q

Treatment for paget disease

A

Bisphosphonates

87
Q

MC diagnosed with paget disease at age

A

70

88
Q

Classifications of fractures

A 
Complete vs incomplete
Closed 
Compound 
Comminuted 
Displaced
89
Q

Closed fracture

A

Intact overlying tissue

90
Q

Compound fracture

A

Skin ruptured

91
Q

Comminuted fracture

A

Fragmented/splintered

92
Q

Displaced fracture

A

Distal segment misaligned

93
Q

Pathological fracture

A

Site of any pathology

94
Q

Stress fracture

A

Microfractures

95
Q

Stress fractures MC

A

Lower leg/foot

96
Q

Sex MC for paget Disease

A

Men

97
Q

Incomplete fractures are more common in

A

Children

Aka green stick fracture

98
Q

Type 1 SHF

A

Fracture that goes straight through growth plate

99
Q

Type 1 SHF cannot occur in

A

Adults

Growth plates fused

100
Q

Type 1 SHF has a ___ prognosis

A

Favorable

101
Q

Type 2 SHF occurs

A

When fracture goes through growth plate and metaphysis

102
Q

MC form of SHF

A

Type 2 SHF

103
Q

Type 2 SHF has ___ prognosis

A

Favorable

104
Q

Type 3 SHF

A

Fracture goes through growth plate and epiphysis

105
Q

Type 3 SHF has an epiphyseal fragment without

A

Associated metaphysical fracture

106
Q

SHF stands for

A

Salter-Harris fracture

107
Q

Worst prognosis SHF

A

Type V

108
Q

Least common SHF

A

Type V

109
Q

SHF types that occur with articular fracture

A

Type III, IV

110
Q

Type IV has ____ due to severity

A

Poor prognosis

111
Q

Delayed fracture healing can be due to

A 
Nonunion 
Comminution 
Inadequate immobilization 
Infection 
Nutrition deficiency 
Advanced age
112
Q

MC cause of AVN

A

Fracture

113
Q

Osteonecrosis is painful if present with

A

Joint surface

114
Q

Other causes of AVN

A

Corticosteroids
Vasculitis
Embolism
Irradiation

115
Q

10% hip dislocations cause

A

AVN

116
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

Bone marrow inflammation from infection

117
Q

Types of osteomyelitis

A

Pyogenic

Mycobacterial

118
Q

Osteochondritis dissecans

A

Osteonecrosis at knee joint

119
Q

Large AVN can cause

A

Osteoarthritis

120
Q

Corticosteroids use can cause AVN at

A

Hip

121
Q

Involucrum

A

Woven bone to wall off infection in osteomyelitis

122
Q

MC cause of osteomyelitis

A

Hematogenous infection

123
Q

Pyogenic osteomyelitis MC from

A

Staph Aureus

124
Q

Pyogenic osteomyelitis in neonates from

A

E. coli

Group B Strep

125
Q

Pyogenic osteomyelitis sickle cell disease

A

Salmonella

126
Q

Sequestrum

A

Entrapped necrotic bone

127
Q

Draining sinus

A

Pus drains into surrounding soft tissues

128
Q

Mycobacterial osteomyelitis occurs from

A

TB infection

129
Q

TB osteomyelitis spreads via

A

Hematogenous (MC) or lymphatic

130
Q

TB can cause

A

Caseous granulomas

131
Q

TB in vertebral bodies

A

Pott Disease

Systems Path 1 (12 decks)

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