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Systems Path 1 > Final Exam Lungs Cont. > Flashcards

Final Exam Lungs Cont. Flashcards

1
Q

Chronic interstitial lung diseases appearance on x-ray

A

Ground glass shadows

Honeycomb lung

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2
Q

Chronic intestinal Lung disease MC to produce

A

Reduced FVC

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3
Q

Occupation related lung disease least likely to be associated with lung cancer

A

Coal worker’s pneumoconiosis

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4
Q

Widespread interstate fibrosis and Velcro-like crackles observed in

A

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

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5
Q

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis MC in

A

Males

Age >55 years

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6
Q

Prognosis for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

A

Poor

<5 years

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7
Q

Non-neoplastic lung reactions

A

Pneumoconioses

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8
Q

Traditional pneumoconioses

A

Coal
Silica
Asbestos

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9
Q

MC worldwide pneumoconiosis

A

Silicosis

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10
Q

Asbestos is risk for

A

Mesothelioma

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11
Q

Simple coal workers pneumoconsiosis

A

Macrophages

Little to no dysfunction

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12
Q

Progressive massive fibrosis (PMF)

A

Massive black Scars

Pulmonary HTN

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13
Q

Anthracosis

A

Pigment accumulates in lungs
Asymptomatic
City dwellers and smokers

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14
Q

Coal worker’s pneumoconiosis MC affects what part of lung

A

Upper lobes

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15
Q

Inhalation of silica crystals, often from quartz results in

A

Silicosis

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16
Q

MC pneumoconiosis

A

Silicosis

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17
Q

Silicosis destroys

A

Alveoli

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18
Q

“Whirled” appearance in middle and upper lobes indicates

A

Silicosis

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19
Q

Egg-shell calcifications observed in

A

Silicosis

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20
Q

Asbestos MC affects what part of lung

A

Lower lungs/ pleura

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21
Q

Histological appearance indicative of asbestos

A

Ferruginous bodies

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22
Q

Erythema nodosum observed in

A

Sarcoidosis

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23
Q

Sarcoidosis

A

Multisystem inflammatory disorder

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24
Q

Noncaseating granulomas and bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy indicates

A

Sarcoidosis

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25
Q

MC population for sarcoidosis

A

African Americans
Age 20-40
MC non smokers and females

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26
Q

MC sarcoidosis symptom

A

Asymptomatic

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27
Q

Most PE originate as

A

DVTs

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28
Q

Prognosis of sarcoidosis

A

70% recover
20% moderate dysfunction
10% PMF

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29
Q

Percent of PEs causing infarction

A

10%

Rare

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30
Q

Saddle embolism

A

Clots at Pulmonary artery bifurcation

> 60% occlusion

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31
Q

Up to 80% of PEs are

A

Clinically silent

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32
Q

Pulmonary HTN

A

> 30/20

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33
Q

Normal pulmonary BP

A

15/20

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34
Q

Pulmonary HTN can be due to

A

Decrease in cross-sectional area of pulmonary arteries

Increase in blood volume

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35
Q

Vascular changes from pulmonary HTN affect

A

Entire arterial tree

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36
Q

Primary pulmonary HTN

A

Idiopathic

10% Familial

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37
Q

Primary pulmonary HTN MC in

A

Young adult females

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38
Q

Prognosis of primary pulmonary HTN

A

Poor

Cor pulmonale 2-5 years

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39
Q

Hypothesis for primary pulmonary HTN

A

Endothelial dysfunction, vascular fibrosis, smooth muscle hyperplasia

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40
Q

Goodpasture Syndrome

A

Antibodies against lung and kidney collagen

HS type 2

Hemoptysis

Hematuria

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41
Q

Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage syndromes

A

Group of diseases that cause pulmonary hemorrhage

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42
Q

3 things that all DAHS have

A

Hemoptysis

Anemia

Diffuse pulmonary edema

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43
Q

Goodpasture MC affects

A

20-30 yo males

60-70 yo females

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44
Q

7th MC cause of death in US

A

Pneumonia

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45
Q

Smoking effect on preventing pulmonary infections

A

Lower mucociliary clearance

Lower immune chemotaxis

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46
Q

Alcohol effect on pulmonary infections

A

Lower cough and epiglottic reflexes

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47
Q

Intrinsic factors for pulmonary infection

A

Defects in cell-mediated immunity

Defects in adaptive immunity

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48
Q

Alveolar inflammation from infection

A

Pneumonia

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49
Q

Alcoholics MC to get what pneumonia

A

Klebsiella pneumoniae

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50
Q

Acute bacterial pneumonia includes

A

Bronchopneumonia

Lobar pneumonia

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51
Q

Bronchopneumonia

A

Multiple lobes

Patchy, well developed lesions

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52
Q

Lobar pneumonia

A

Single lobe, homogenous consolidation

Abrupt radiopacity

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53
Q

___ in upper airway and ___ in lower airway

A

IgA

IgG

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54
Q

90% of lobar pneumonia cases are from infection with

A

Strep pneumoniae

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55
Q

Community acquired acute pneumonia MC from

A

Strep pneumoniae

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56
Q

Mucopurulent sputum appearance in community acquired acute pneumonia

A

Yellow/ greenish

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57
Q

Risk factors for community acquired acute pneumonia

A 
Diabetes 
CHF
COPD
Immunosuppressive 
Reduced splenic function
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58
Q

Pattern of community acquired acute pneumonia MC

A

Lobar, possible bronchopneumonia

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59
Q

Staph Aureus infects

A

Kids, after viral URTI

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60
Q

Klebsiella pneumoniae infects

A

Alcoholics or debilitated

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61
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa infects

A

Burn patients
Chemo therapy
CF

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62
Q

Best to classify pneumonia by ___ or ___

A

Microbes

Clinical setting

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63
Q

Legionella pneumophila

A

Aquatic

Spread via inhalation/ aspiration

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64
Q

Legionnaire disease

A

Pneumonia due to legionella

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65
Q

Symptoms of Legionnaries

A

Dyspnea
Fever
Aches

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66
Q

Legionnaries Disease MC in

A

Transplant recipients

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67
Q

Legionella can cause 2 diseases

A

Legionnaire

Pontiac Fever

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68
Q

Pontiac Fever

A

Mild URTI

Spontaneously resolves

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69
Q

During sleeping, aspiration of ___ occurs with community acquired acute pneumonia

A

Strep pneumoniae

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70
Q

Features of “atypical” pneumonia

A

Moderate sputum
Modestly high WBCs
No physical exam bindings to support lung consolidation
Minimal pulmonary infiltrates

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71
Q

Community acquired atypical pneumonia: edema confined to

A

Alveolar septa

Absence of consolidation on x-ray

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72
Q

Legionnaries disease _____ lethal

A

30-50%

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73
Q

Community acquired atypical pneumonia caused by same microbes as

A

Common cold

Mycoplasma pneumonia (MC)

Influenza A, B, RSV, rhinovirus

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74
Q

Community acquired atypical pneumonia may be lethal if advanced due to

A

Low mucociliary clearance

Alveolar necrosis

75
Q

Variable features of community acquired atypical pneumonia

A

Malaise
HA
Non-productive cough
Chest cold

76
Q

Community acquired atypical pneumonia aka

A

Walking pneumonia

77
Q

Subjective distress not matching objective findings is indicative of

A

Walking pneumonia

78
Q

Hospital acquired pneumonia MC caused by

A

Bacteria

Staph aureus
E. coli

79
Q

Nosocomial

A

Hospital acquired

80
Q

Aspiration pneumonia

A

Inhalation of foreign material (vomitus)

81
Q

Hospital acquired pneumonia develops

A

48 hours after hospitalization

82
Q

Hospital acquired pneumonia occurs in patients with

A

Severe co-morbidities

83
Q

Aspiration pneumonia occurs after

A

Debilitation

Stroke, stupid, physical disabilities, dysfunctional gag reflex)

84
Q

Dysfunction gag reflex MC due to

A

Alcohol

85
Q

Aspiration pneumonia MC due to

A

Strep pneumoniae
Staph aureus
H. Influenzae

86
Q

Aspiration pneumonia is ___ ___ and ____

A

Acute
Severe
Necrotizing

87
Q

If aspiration pneumonia is not lethal, __ forms in lungs

A

Abscess

88
Q

Lung abscess cavitation MC on which side

A

Ride side of lung

89
Q

Lung abscess can be due to 3 things

A

Aspiration
Bronchial obstruction
Hematogenous spread

90
Q

Chronic granulomatous diseases (bacterial)

A

Mycobacterium tB

91
Q

Chronic granulomatous diseases (fungal)

A

Histoplasma capsulatum

92
Q

MC cause of infectious death worldwide (6%)

A

TB

93
Q

Cases of TB in US

A

10,000 per year

94
Q

TB transmitted via

A

Respiratory droplets

95
Q

TB tubercles are filled with

A

Caseous necrosis

96
Q

TB infection is what type of HS

A

Type 4

97
Q

TB infection is ___, post infection

A

Delayed, 2-4 weeks

98
Q

+ TB test occurrence

A

10% US

80% Asian/African

99
Q

TB disease

A

Re-infection

Tissue destruction

100
Q

Tuberculin Test aka

A

PPD

Mantoux

101
Q

Disease of TB MC from deactivation of

A

Dormant lesions

102
Q

Ghon Focus

A

Subpleural caseous granulomas (1-2 cm)

103
Q

Ghon Complex

A

Subpleural and lymph node regions have granulomas (tuberculoma)

104
Q

Ranke complex

A

Calcification and fibrosis of hilar nodes

Visible on radiographs

105
Q

Ghon focus and complex and ranke complex indicative of

A

TB

106
Q

In US, ___ of infected individuals with TB develop disease

A

3-15%

107
Q

Most TB infections are

A

Controlled

108
Q

TB DISEASE must result from

A

Re-infection

109
Q

Infected people with TB are not

A

Contagious

110
Q

Miliary TB

A

Pulmonary lymphatic and hematogenous spread

Accelerated with HIV

111
Q

Miliary TB can spread to

A

Nearly every organ

*vertebrae = Pott’s Disease

112
Q

Lymphadenitis from miliary TB MC found

A

Cervical nodes

113
Q

Cervical node lymphadenitis in miliary TB MC form of

A

Extrapulmonary TB

114
Q

Symptoms of Pott’s disease

A

Back pain
Paraesthesia
LE weakness

115
Q

Low-grade afternoon fever, nigh sweats, hemoptysis are symptoms of

A

TB (disease)

116
Q

MC opportunistic viral pathogen in AIDS patients

A

CMV

117
Q

Owl’s eye appearance (cellular gigantism) on histological slides

A

CMV

118
Q

Hamartoma

A

Coin lesion

Solitary pulmonary nodule

119
Q

MC lung tumor, benign

A

Hamartoma

120
Q

___ common site of metastasis

A

Lungs

121
Q

Most bronchogenic carcinomas arise from

A

Bronchial epithelia

122
Q

Bronchogenic carcinoma is ___ and ___

A

Common and lethal

123
Q

Occurrence of lung cancer

A

1 in 15 males

1 in 17 females

124
Q

Pulmonary cancer-related death

A

Males 29%

Females 26%

125
Q

MC ages for pulmonary carcinomas

A

50-70

126
Q

Risk factors for bronchogenic carcinoma

A

Age
Smoking
Asbestos
Radon

127
Q

If pulmonary carcinomas localized….

A

45% 5 year survival

128
Q

If pulmonary carcinomas Mets…

A

15% 5 year survival

Early Mets in 50% of all cases

129
Q

MC type of lung Ca

A

Adenocarcinoma

130
Q

4 types of lung cancer

A

Adenocarcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Large cell carcinoma
Small cell carcinoma

131
Q

2 types of lung cancer linked with smoking

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

Small cell lung cancer

132
Q

Common sites of Mets from primary pulmonary Ca

A

Brain
Liver
Bones
Adrenals

133
Q

Non-small cell lung Ca includes

A

Adenocarcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Large cell carcinoma

134
Q

Lung Ca of pulmonary apex

A

Pancoast tumor

135
Q

MC non-small Cell Lung Ca

5% of all lung ca

A

Pancoast tumor

136
Q

Pancoast tumor can cause possible osseous destruction in

A

Upper ribs

Thoracic vertebrae

137
Q

Pancoast Syndrome

A

Neurologic destruction

Stellate ganglion
Brachial plexus

138
Q

Adenocarcinoma MC in

A

Non-smokers

Women

139
Q

Hallmarks of pancoast tumor

A

Shoulder pain
C8-T2 radicular pain
Horner syndrome

140
Q

Horner syndrome

A

Ptosis
Miosis
Anhidrosis

141
Q

Pancoast tumor aka

A

Superior sulcus tumor

142
Q

General symptoms of all pulmonary carcinomas

A 
Chronic cough 
Hemoptysis 
Chest pain 
SVC syndrome 
Pleural effusion
143
Q

Primary pleural lesions are

A

Rare

144
Q

2 types of primary pleural lesions

A

Bacterial infections

Mesothelioma

145
Q

Secondary pleural lesions

A

Pleuritis
Emphysema
Lung ca
TB

146
Q

Space between visceral pleura and parietal pleura

A

Pleural cavity

147
Q

Transudate

A

Protein poor

148
Q

MC cause of pleural effusion

A

Heart failure

149
Q

Exudate

A

Protein rich

150
Q

Exudate occurs due to

A

Inflammatory conditions

151
Q

Transudate occurs MC due to

A

Heart failure

152
Q

Transudate =

A

Hydrothorax

153
Q

Exudate =

A

Pleuritis

154
Q

Pleural effusion

A

Fluid in pleural cavity

155
Q

Types of pleural effusion

A

Transudate

Exudate

156
Q

Pus in pleural space

A

Empyema

157
Q

Causes of pleural exudate

A 
Bacterial infections 
Viral infections
Tumor invasion 
Pulmonary infarction 
SLE, RA, thoracic surgery
158
Q

Air within pleural cavity

A

Pneumothorax

159
Q

Spontaneous pneumothorax

A

Idiopathic
Slender habitus
Males

160
Q

Tension pneumothorax

A

Air accumulates and shifts mediastinum

Vascular compression

Medical emergency

161
Q

Secondary pneumothorax

A

Due to trauma or pathology

  • rib fracture
  • emphysema
162
Q

Tension pneumothorax can lead to

A

Cardiogenic shock

163
Q

Hemothorax

A

Blood in pleural cavity

Coagulates

Can be lethal

164
Q

Chylothorax

A

Lymphatic fluid (chyle) in pleural cavity

Milky-white

Major lymphatic obstruction

165
Q

Firm mass
Yellow white

Both describe

A

Mesothelioma

166
Q

Locally invasive but rarely Mets describes what lung pathology

A

Mesothelioma

167
Q

Mesothelioma has a very long ___

A

Latency

25-40 years

168
Q

Cancer of mesothelial cells from asbestos exposure

A

Mesothelioma

169
Q

Prognosis for mesothelioma

A

4-18 months post diagnosis

Very poor

170
Q

Vocal cord polyp

A

Small round nodules on vocal cords

171
Q

Vocal cord polyps is due to chronic irritation, observed commonly in

A

Smokers

Singers

172
Q

Laryngeal papilloma

A

Raspberry-like growth on vocal cords

173
Q

MC recur after excisions

A

Laryngeal papilloma

174
Q

Characteristics of laryngeal carcinoma

A

Pearly gray
Wrinkled
Ulceration
Necrosis

175
Q

2% of all Ca

A

Carcinoma of larynx

176
Q

Laryngeal papilloma can be due to

A

HPV 6

HPV 11

177
Q

Carcinoma of larynx type

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

178
Q

1/3 of larynx ca is

A

Fatal

179
Q

Death from Larynx ca MC from

A

LRTI

Widespread Mets

180
Q

Risks for larynx ca

A 
>40 yo 
 Smoking
Alcohol
Males 
Asbestos 
Irradiation
181
Q

Supraglottic laryngeal ca

A

20-40% cases

30% Mets by diagnosis

182
Q

Glottis laryngeal ca

A

60-70% cases

10% Mets by diagnosis

183
Q

Subglottic laryngeal ca

A

Very rare

184
Q

Types of laryngeal ca

A

Supraglottic
Glottic
Subglottic

Systems Path 1 (12 decks)

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