Exam 1: Cont. Flashcards
1
Q
Congenital kyphosis caused by
A
Abnormalities during embryogenesis
2
Q
Congenital kyphosis affects
A
Thoracic spine
3
Q
Type 1 congenital kyphosis
A
Incomplete formation of one or more vertebral bodies
4
Q
Type 1 congenital kyphosis can cause
A
Spinal compression
5
Q
Type 2 congenital kyphosis
A
Failed segmentation of vertebral bodies
6
Q
Type 2 congenital kyphosis MC in
A
Thoracic region
7
Q
Severe spinal cord damage is ___ in type 2 congenital kyphosis
A
Less common
8
Q
Most bone tumors are
A
Benign
9
Q
As size increases, tumor can cause
A
Local tissue deformation
Pain
Weaken bone
10
Q
Risk factors for LBP of cancerous origin
A
>50 yo History Cachexia LBP not relieved with rest LBP >1 month Failure to improve
11
Q
MC cancer in bone has ____ and is not____
A
Metastasized
Primary bone cancer
12
Q
Types of bone forming CA
A
Osteoid osteoma
Osteoblastoma
13
Q
Both types of bone forming Ca are
A
Benign
14
Q
Osteoid osteoma size
A
<2cm
15
Q
MC osteoid osteoma develop near
A
Cortex of bones in lower extremity
16
Q
Sex 2X more likely to get osteoid osteoma
A
Males
17
Q
Ages MC for osteoid osteoma
A
10-20
18
Q
Tumor appearance in osteoid osteoma
A
Round/oval
Central nidus
19
Q
Treatment for osteoid osteoma
A
Aspirin
20
Q
Symptom of osteoid osteoma
A
Severe nocturnal pain
21
Q
Osteoblastoma size
A
> 2cm
22
Q
Osteoblastoma MC in what bone
A
Vertebral column
23
Q
Osteoblastoma is ___ than osteoid osteoma
A
Less common
24
Q
Osteoblastoma treatment
A
Surgical
25
Osteosarcoma is ___ and aggressive
Malignant
26
Osteosarcoma destroys periosteum and ____
Medullary cavity
27
10-20% of osteosarcomas Mets to
Lungs
28
___ and ___ mutations are common in osteosarcoma
RB and TP53
29
Retinoblastoma syndrome increases risk for
Osteosarcoma (1000X)
30
MC primary bone cancer
Osteosarcoma
31
Osteosarcoma affects ___ between ages ___
Adolescents
10-20
32
Secondary osteosarcoma affects >40 yo and associated with
Paget disease
AVN
Irradiation
33
Aggressive periosteal reactions
On X-ray, early lifting off of bone (codman triangle)
34
Secondary osteosarcoma has ___ response to treatment
Poor (fatal)
35
Location MC for osteosarcoma
Metaphysis of distal femur, proximal tibia, humerus
36
3 types of Cartilage forming tumors
Osteochondroma
Enchondroma
Chondrosarcoma
37
Osteochondroma is
Benign
38
Osteochondroma affects what cartilage
Hyaline
39
___ affected 3X more often in osteochondroma
Males
40
Age for osteochondroma
10-30
41
Forms of osteochondroma
Solitary
Multiple hereditary osteochondroma
42
Multiple hereditary osteochondroma
Familial mutated TSG
Childhood onset
Risk for malignant transformation
43
Osteochondroma MC at
Knee
44
Osteochondroma can be painful if
Fractured
| Compress other tissues
45
Enchondroma is ___ and effects what cartilage
Benign
Hyaline
46
_____ is more rare that endochondroma
Juxtacortical chondroma
47
Age for enchondroma
20-50
48
Hallmark of enchondroma
Solitary lesions of hands (and feet)
49
Multiple enchondroma aka
Ollier Disease
50
Ollier Disease due to
Sporadic mutation
51
2nd MC primary bone ca
Chondrosarcoma
52
Age range for chondrosarcoma
40-60 yo
53
____ rare in distal extremities
Chondrosarcoma
54
“Stippled” or “popcorn” calcification common with
Chondrosarcoma
55
High radiolucency means
Darker
56
MC chondrosarcoma
Low grade
57
Low grade chondrosarcoma
Thickens cortex
Slow growing
58
High grade chondrosarcoma
Large mass
Erodes cortex
59
70% of high grade chondrosarcoma Mets to
Lungs
60
Fibrous or fibro-osseous Tumors
Fibrous cortical defect (FCD)
Fibrous Dysplasia
61
Tumors with unique cells
Ewing sarcoma
Giant cell tumor of bone
62
FCD >3 cm is called
Nonossifying fibroma (NOF)
63
Both FCD and NOF are
Benign tumors of fibroblasts and macrophages
64
FCD is very common, present in ___ of kids
40%
65
NOF is more ___ than FCD
Rare
66
FCD and NOF manifest ____ near cortex
Metaphysis or diaphysis
67
Fibrous Dysplasia results from
Failed bony differentiation
68
All fibrous Dysplasia is from
Spontaneous GNAS mutations
69
MC fibrous Dysplasia
Monostotic FD
70
Little or no body distortion is observed in which FD?
Monostotic FD
71
Age range for monostotic FD
10-30 yo
72
Age range of polyostotic FD
Late childhood/ adolescence
73
Severe deformation, with craniofacial involvement, observed in which FD
Polyostotic FD
74
“Shephard’s crook” and “ground glass” appearance typical of
Polyostotic FD
75
McCune-Albright Syndrome has what components
Skeletal
Skin
Endocrinopathy
76
Classic signs of McCune-Albright syndrome
1. Unilateral bony lesions (femur and tibia)
2. Cafe au lait spots on skin
3. Precocious puberty
77
Ewing sarcoma and primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) are variants of same
Malignancy
78
2nd MC Pediatric bone CA
Ewing sarcoma
79
10 % primary bone Ca
Ewing sarcoma
80
Subset of Ewing sarcoma with neural differentiation
PNET
81
PNET has ____
Homer-wright rosettes
82
Ewing sarcoma age range
10-20 yo
83
Ewing sarcoma primary affects ____
Caucasians
84
Ewing sarcoma effects what region of bone
Diaphysis of long bones
85
Ewing sarcoma can mimic
Infection
86
Onion skinning observed in
Ewing sarcoma
87
Granulomas
Collection of macrophages
88
Giant cell tumor of bone composed of
Multinucleated giant cells
89
Giant cell tumor of bone MC near
Knee
90
Age range for giant cell tumor of bone
20-40
91
Soap bubble appearance observed in
Giant cell tumor of bone
92
Causes arthritis like pain
Giant cell tumor of bone
93
Giant cell tumor of bone is osteolytic and
Eccentric (off to side)
94
Giant cell tumor of bone : benign ____ malignant
>
95
MC site of Mets to bone
Spine
96
Sarcomas Mets
Hematogenous
97
Carcinomas Mets
Lymphatics
98
Location for Mets to bone
Red marrow
Axial skeleton
99
Mets to bone can be lytic, blastic, or mixed, and ___ is most common
Mixed
100
Lytic appears
Dark
101
Blastic appears
Light
102
In adults, prostate cancer is
Blastic
103
In adults, breast ca is
Lytic
104
In adults, lung ca is
Mixed
