Final Exam: Heart Flashcards
1
Q
Heart overloaded by pressure
A
HTN heart disease
2
Q
___ metabolic demands and no ___ in blood Supply causes eventual cardiac decompensation in
A
Increase
Increase
HTN heart disease
3
Q
Systemic hypertensive heart disease
A
L side disease
4
Q
Pulmonary hypertensive heart disease
A
R side disease
5
Q
Types of hypertensive heart disease
A
Systemic
Pulmonary
6
Q
Complications of systemic HTN heart disease
A
CHF
Arrhythmia
Stroke
Renal failure
7
Q
LV hypertrophy causes
A
Increase in myocyte diameter and fibrosis
8
Q
Types of pulmonary HTN heart disease
A
Acute
Chronic
9
Q
Acute pulmonary HTN heart disease
A
Large PE (saddle embolism)
Obstructs >50% pulmonary A
10
Q
Chronic pulmonary HTN heart disease
A
Prolonged lung pathology
Gradual Hypertrophy
11
Q
Prevention of heart disease according to AHA
A
- Keep low BP
- Control cholesterol
- Keep low blood sugar
- Active
- Heart healthy diet
- Healthy body weight
- Don’t smoke
12
Q
Systemic hypertensive heart disease can be reversible by
A
BP management
13
Q
Pulmonary HTN heart disease due to
A
Lung pathology
CF, PE, pulmonary fibrosis, COPD
14
Q
R sided heart failure due to something in lungs causing pulmonary HTN
A
Cor pulmonale
15
Q
MC pulmonary HTN heart disease
A
Chronic
16
Q
Murmur
A
Turbulent flow through disease valve
17
Q
Thrill
A
Type of murmur
Turbulence that causes palpable vibration
18
Q
Stenosis can be due to ___ or ___
A
Calcification
Fibrosis
19
Q
Insufficiency of valves can be due to ___ or ___
A
Valvular destruction
Abnormal supportive structures
20
Q
Valvular heart disease can be due to
A
Stenosis
Insufficiency
Murmurs
21
Q
Common cause of murmur
A
Bicuspid aortic valve
2% of all live births
Early calcification.
22
Q
MC cause of aortic valve stenosis
A
Calcific aortic stenosis
23
Q
Late calcific aortic stenosis
A
LV Hypertrophy
Ca = severe stenosis
24
Q
Early calcific aortic stenosis
A
Asymptomatic
Murmur, low CO
25
Calcific aortic stenosis MC in ages
70-80
26
Risks for calcific aortic stenosis
HTN
Infection
Inflammation
High cholesterol
27
___ can cause early onset (age 40) of calcific aortic stenosis
Bicuspid aortic valve
28
Rheumatic valvular disease causes eventual
Valve destruction
29
Rheumatic valvular Disease MC ages
5-15 due to pharyngitis (2-3 weeks post strep infection)
30
3% of untreated strep throat progresses to
Rheumatic fever
31
GABHS infection causes
Rheumatic valvular Disease
| After strep throat exposure
32
Jones criteria for rheumatic fever
```
Joints (polyarteritis)
Carditis
Nodules
Erythema marginatum
Sydenham chorea
```
33
Erythema marginatum
Red rings on torso or limbs
Skin rash component of rheumatic fever
34
Migratory polyarteritis from RF MC in
Adults
35
Carditis from RF MC in
Children
36
Sydenham’s chorea observed in RF involves damage to
Corpus striatum of basal ganglia
37
Rheumatic mitral stenosis involves what appearance?
Fish-mouth or buttonhole
38
70% of cases of rheumatic valvular Disease involve
Mitral valve
39
25% of rheumatic valvular Disease involve
Aortic valve
40
What is most likely to cause valvular fusion?
Rheumatic valvular disease
41
T/F
| Most cases of untreated strep cause rheumatic valvular disease
False
42
Aschoff bodies
Nodules formed with long term RVD
43
Scarlet fever MC in
Children
44
Scarlet fever caused by ___ 1-4 days after strep throat (untreated)
GABHS
45
Erythrogenic toxin
Toxin released in scarlet fever
46
Signs of scarlet fever
Pink punctuate rash
Sandpaper-like chest, neck, thighs
Circumpolar pallor
Fever
Red tongue
47
Infective endocarditis MC due to
Bacteria
Also can be from fungi or viral
48
Infective endocarditis can lead to lethal
Arrhythmia
| Renal failure
49
Bulky and friable growths observed in infective endocarditis
Vegetations
50
Acute infective endocarditis
Destructive, difficult to treat
Virulent staph Aureus
51
Subacute infective endocarditis
Low virulence, easy to treat
Damages tissue, low virulent strep. Viridans
52
Infective endocarditis MC on
Left-sided valves
Aortic and mitral
53
Source of infection for infective endocarditis
Skin infection
Dental procedures
Surgery
54
Infective endocarditis ___ if untreated
Fatal
55
Treatment for infective endocarditis
Long term antibiotics
| Valve replacement
56
Prosthetic cardiac valves are all prone to
Infection
20% of infective endocarditis cases
57
MC prosthetic cardiac valves
Mechanical
58
Mechanical prosthetic cardiac valves
Tilting disc
Anticoagulation
Blender effect
59
Bioprosthetic prosthetic cardiac valves
Porcine, bovine, human
Non anticoagulation
Ca —> stenosis
60
Cardiomyopathies are MC
Idiopathic
61
3 main categories of cardiomyopathies
Dilated
Hypertrophic
Restrictive
62
MC cardiomyopathy
Dilated (90%)
63
Dilated cardiomyopathy MC ages
20-50
64
Risks of dilated cardiomyopathy
```
Genetic
Viral infections
Toxins (alcohol)
Hemochromatosis
Low thiamine
```
65
Dilated cardiomyopathy causes
Progressive dilation of all chambers
| ```
Systolic dysfunction
Dyspnea and fatigue
```
66
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy are result of
Genetic mutations
MC beta myosin
67
Diagnosis of dilated cardiomyopathy
50% 2 year survival
68
Dilated cardiomyopathy mimics
CHF
69
Causes 1/3 of SCD among adolescent athletes
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
70
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy causes
Hyper-contractile sarcomeres
- won’t relax
- massive LV Hypertrophy
- low CO
71
25% of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy have
LV outflow obstruction
72
Septum thicker than outer wall observed in
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
73
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy MC after
Puberty
74
“Harsh” murmur, “banana-like” LV and massive Hypertrophy observed in
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
75
Least common cardiomyopathy
Restrictive
76
Muscular dystrophy will causes which form of cardiomyopathy
Dilated
77
Binge drinking is most likely to be associated with which form of cardiomyopathy
Dilated
78
Stiff myocardium resulting in diastolic dysfunction is characteristic of which cardiomyopathy
Restrictive
79
Senile cardiac amyloidosis is MC in what population
African Americans (4X)
80
Restrictive cardiomyopathy can be due to what 2 things?
Senile cardiac amyloidosis
Endomyocardial fibrosis
81
Endomyocardial fibrosis MC in
Children in tropics
Malnutrition + helminth infection
82
Heart wall inflammation
Myocarditis
83
Myocarditis can be due to what 2 things
Viral infection (MC in US)
Non viral causes
84
Viral infections causing myocarditis can be due to
Coxsackievirus A and B
HIV
CMV
Flu
85
Non viral causes of myocarditis
SLE
Chagas
Lyme
Toxoplasmosis
86
Pericardial inflammation
Pericarditis
87
Primary pericarditis
MC viral
Bacterial
Fungal
88
Secondary pericarditis
```
MI
Surgery
Irradiation
RF
SLE
Cancer
```
89
Atypical chest pain and friction rub is indicative of ____, which can be life threatening
Pericarditis
90
Beck’s triad
Low BP
JVD (distended neck veins)
Muffled heart sounds
91
Myocarditis causes cardiac tissue to
Be swollen
Pale
Flabby
92
Atypical chest pain
Pain that increases with pressure
Relieved when leaning forward
Less likely to refer out to other parts of body
93
Pericarditis can be due to
Cardiac tamponade
Constrictive pericarditis
94
Constrictive pericarditis sign
“Squeaky leather” friction rub
95
Cardiac tumors Mets to
Heart
96
Cardiac neoplasms are rare and ____ benign
90%
97
MC cancer that Mets to heart
Lung
98
Adult cardiac neoplasm
Myxoma (MC)
Fibroma
Lipoma
99
Children cardiac neoplasms
Rhabdomyoma
Associated with tuberous sclerosis
100
Myxoma
MC primary cardiac neoplasm in adults
101
90% of myxoma near
Fossa ovalis of LA
102
Myxoma can be ___ and damage valve
Mobile
103
Gelatinous appearance describes
Myxoma
104
Myxomas are commonly isolated and ____
Benign
105
Transplant rejection
Fever
T cell attack
Low CO
Possible arrhythmia
106
Allograft arteriopathy
Stenosis of coronary arteries
Long term limitation
Silent MI
CHF
Arrhythmia
107
Immunosuppressive meds for cardiac transplantation can cause
Increase in opportunistic infection
Increase in malignancy
108
Myxomas can secrete ___, resulting in fever
Cytokines
109
Cardiac transplants are used to treat
Dilated cardiomyopathy
| CHF
