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MSK > Musculoskeletal Histology > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal Histology Flashcards

1
Q

How are skeletal muscle cells structured?

A

Striated
Unbranched
Multinucleate (forms a syncytium)

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2
Q

Where are the nuclei in skeletal muscle cells?

A

At the periphery of the fibre, just under the sarcolemma (cell membrane)

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3
Q

What is a fasicle?

A

A group of muscle fibres

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4
Q

What is the name of the connective tissue that surrounds the whole muscle?

A

Epimysium

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5
Q

What is the name of the connective tissue that surrounds a single fasicle?

A

Perimysium

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6
Q

What is the name of the connective tissue that surrounds a single muscle fibre?

A

Endomysium

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7
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

One motor neurone and all the muscle fibres that it innervates
The fewer the number of muscle fibres in a motor unit, the finer the control (eye muscles)

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8
Q

What is type 1 skeletal muscle?

A 
Slowly contracting 
Depends on oxidative metabolism
Abundant mitochondria and myoglobin 
Resistant to fatigue and produce relatively less force
RED fibres
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9
Q

What is type 2a skeletal muscle?

A

Relatively fast contracting

Reasonably resistant to fatigue

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10
Q

What is type 2b skeletal muscle?

A

Fast contracting fibres
Depend on anaerobic metabolism
Few mitochondria and less myoglobin than type 1
Fatigue easily and produce a greater force
WHITE fibres

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11
Q

How can cartilage be described?

A

Semi-rigid and deformable
Permeable
Avascular
Cells nourished by diffusion thorugh ECM

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12
Q

How can bone be described?

A

Rigid
Not permeable
Cells within bone must be nourished by blood vessels that pervade tissue

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13
Q

What is a chondrocyte?

A

Active cells that secrete and maintain the extracellular matrix

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14
Q

Where can chondrocytes be formed?

A

They live in the lacuna

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15
Q

What is the composition of extracellular matrix in cartilage?

A

75% water

25% organic material: 60% type 2 collagen, 40% GAGs

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16
Q

What are the different types of cartilage?

A 
Hyaline cartilage (most common)
Elastic cartilage (flexible)
Fibrocartilage (type 1 collagen with rows of chondrocytes surrounded by cartilaginous ECM
17
Q

Where can hyaline cartilage be found?

A 
Articular surfaces
Tracheal rings
Costal cartilages
Epiphyseal growth plates
Precursor in fetus to bone
18
Q

What type of bone makes up the diaphysis?

A

Cortical bone

19
Q

What type of bone makes up[ the epiphyses?

A

Cancellous/ trabecular bone

20
Q

What is bone made from?

A

Type 1 collagen
Bioapatite (calcium, phosphorus, hydroxyapatite)
Water

21
Q

What bone will never remodel?

A

Otic capsule

22
Q

What is contained within the haverisan canal?

A

Blood vessels

23
Q

What is the volkmann’s canal?

A

Connects haversian canals to the periosteum

24
Q

What is an osteocyte?

A

When osteoblasts become trapped in the matrix that they secrete, they become osteocytes. Osteocytes are networked to each other via long cytoplasmic extensions that occupy tiny canals called canaliculi, which are used for exchange of nutrients and waste through gap junctions.

25
Q

What envelops osteons?

A

Cement lines

26
Q

What is the main difference between trabecullar and cortical bone?

A

Trabecullar bone tends to NOT have haversian canals

27
Q

What is an osteoprogenitor cell?

A

Located on bone surface, serve as a pool of reserve osteoblasts

28
Q

What is an osteoblast?

A

Bone forming cells found on the surface of developing bone

Plentiful RER and prominent mitochondria

29
Q

What is an osteocyte?

A

A bone cell trapped within the bone matrix

30
Q

What is an osteoclast?

A

Large multinucleated cells

Found on the surface of bones and are responsible for bone resorption

31
Q

Which cell drills into bones forming a tunnel?

A

Osteoclasts

32
Q

How do osteoblasts enter the new bone?

A

A blood vessel grows, bringing with it osteoblasts which will line the tunnel and begin to lay down new lamellar bone

33
Q

When will osteoblasts stop producing lamellar bone?

A

When the only space left is that of a haversian canal

34
Q

What is osteoid?

A

Collagen, GAGs, proteoglycans and other organic compounds secreted by osteoblasts

35
Q

What are osteoclasts derived from?

A

Macrophages

36
Q

What is woven bone?

A

During foetal development or after a break, the collagen fibres layed down are not lamellar but haphazard creating weaker woven bone

37
Q

How does woven bone become lamellar bone?

A

It is remodelled into lamellar bone by being broken down by osteoclasts and reformed by osteoblasts

MSK (34 decks)

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