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MSK > Lower Limb > Flashcards

Lower Limb Flashcards

1
Q

What are the six regions of the lower limb?

A 
Gluteal
Femoral
Knee
Leg
Ankle
Foot
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2
Q

What are the different functions of the acetabulo-femoral joint?

A

Flexions-extension
Abduction-adduction
Medial-lateral
Circumduction

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3
Q

What are the different ligaments in the acetabulo-femoral joint?

A

Iliofemoral
Ischiofemoral
Pubofemoral
Ligamentum teres of the femur

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4
Q

What artery supplies the head and neck of the femur?

A

Medial circumflex femoral artery

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5
Q

What artery runs in the ligamentum teres of the femur?

A

Acetabular branch of the deep artery of the thigh

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6
Q

What range of movement can the modified synovial hinge joint of the knee perform?

A

Flexion and extension

Slight rotation

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7
Q

What articulations are present on the knee complex?

A

Medial tibiofemoral
Lateral tibiofemoral
Patellofemoral

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8
Q

What are the extracapsular ligements of the knee?

A

Patellar ligament
Lateral (fibular) collateral ligament
Medial (tibial) collateral ligament

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9
Q

What are the intra-articular ligaments of the knee?

A 
Anterior cruciate (ACL)
Posterior cruciate (PCL)
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10
Q

What is the menisci?

A

A cresent shaped fibrocatilage within the knee

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11
Q

How can the medial and lateral collateral ligaments be distinguished?

A

Medial is much broader

Lateral is more cord like

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12
Q

What is the Q angle?

A

A line made by connecting the ASIS to the mid-point of the patella

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13
Q

Where do nerves enter/exit the pelvis and perineum via?

A

Greater and lesser sciatic foramen

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14
Q

Nerves supplying what will pass through the greater sciatic foramen?

A

Pelvis - sciatic nerve

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15
Q

Nerves supplying what will pass through the lesser sciatic foramen?

A

Perineum - pudendal nerve

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16
Q

What ligaments make up the gluteal region?

A

Sacrotuberous and sacrspinous ligaments

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17
Q

What level of the spine does the sciatic nerve originate?

A

L4-S3

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18
Q

What does the sciatic nerve supply?

A

Posterior thigh
All leg and foot muscles
Most of the skin via the tibial and fibular branches

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19
Q

What level of the spine does the pudendal nerve orignate from?

A

S2-4

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20
Q

What level of the spine does the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh originate from?

A

S1-3

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21
Q

What does the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh supply?

A

Skin over posterior thigh, popliteal fossa, lateral perineum and upper medial thigh

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22
Q

What range of motion do the superficial muscles of the gluteal region do?

A

Extensors, abductors and medial rotators of thigh

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23
Q

What are the superficial muscles of the gluteal region?

A

Gluteus maximus
Gluteus minimus
Gluteus medius
Tensor fascia latae

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24
Q

What nerve supplies the gluteus maximus?

A

Inferior gluteal nerve

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25
Q

What nerve supplies the gluteus maximus, gluteus minimus and gluteus medius?

A

Superior gluteal nerve

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26
Q

What range of motions do the deep muscles of the gluteal region do?

A

Lateral rotators of the thigh and hip stabilisers

27
Q

What are the deep muscles of the gluteal region?

A

Piriformis
Obutrator internus
Gemelli (superior and inferior)
Quadratus femoris

28
Q

What nerve supplies the deep muscles of the gluteal region?

A

Sacral plexus

29
Q

What is the trendelenberg gait?

A

Reduced function of superior gluteal nerve function resulting in the hip dropping on the contralateral side

30
Q

What muscle causes trendeleneberg gait?

A

Weak hip adduction via gluteus medius

31
Q

Where will the sciatic nerve exit the gluteal region?

A

Inferior to piriformis

Most lateral to exit the greater sciatic foramen

32
Q

What are the two portions of the sciatic nerve?

A

Tibial nerve - larger and medial

Common fibular - smaller and lateral

33
Q

What are the three compartments of the thigh?

A

Anterior, medial and posterior

34
Q

What are the three components of the leg?

A

Anterior, posterior and lateral

35
Q

What is compartment syndrome?

A

Increased pressure caused by swelling of tissue or increased fluid causes compression of muscles and nerves in the compartment

36
Q

How is compartment syndrome treated?

A

Fasciotomy

37
Q

What nerve supplies the anterior compartment of the thigh except from the psoas major?

A

Femoral nerve (L2,3,4)

38
Q

What nerve supplies the psoas major?

39
Q

What are the muscles of flexion in the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Rectus femoris
Iliopsoas maj and min
Pectineus
Sartorius

40
Q

What are the muscles of extension in the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
Vastus intermedius

41
Q

What are the boundaries to the femoral triangle?

A 
Superior = inguinal ligament
Medial = lateral border of adductor longus
Lateral = medial border of sartorius
Floor = ilioposas and pectinus
Roof = deep fascia
42
Q

What are the contents of the femoral triangle?

A 
Femoral Nerve
Femoral Artery
Femoral Vein
Lymphatics 
Lateral to media = NAVY
43
Q

In the medial compartment of the thigh, what are the adductor muscles?

A 
Adductor longus
Adductor brevis
Adductor magnus
Gracilis
Obturator externus
44
Q

What nerve supplies the adductors of the medial compartment of the thigh?

A

Obturator nerve (L2,3,4)

45
Q

In the posterior compartment of the thigh, what are the extensor muscles of the thigh and flexors of the leg?

A

Semitendinosus
Semimembranous
Biceps femoris

46
Q

What nerve supplies the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Tibial division of sciatic nerve (L5,S1,2)

47
Q

What is the range of motion of the superficial group of muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Plantarflexors of ankle

48
Q

What are the muscles in the superficial group of the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Plantaris

49
Q

What is the range of motion of the deep group of muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Flexors of toes and plantarflexors of ankle

50
Q

What are the muscles in the deep group of the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Popliteus
Flexor hallucis longus
Flexor digitorum longus
Tibialis posterior

51
Q

What nerve supplies the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Tibial nerve

52
Q

What is the range of motion of the muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

Dorsiflexors of ankle and extensors of toes

53
Q

What are the muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus
Fibularis tertius

54
Q

What nerve supplies the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

Deep fibular nerve (L4,5)

55
Q

What are the muscles in the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

Fibularis longus

Fibularis brevis

56
Q

What is the range of motion of the muscles in the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

Evert the foot and weakly plantarflex the ankle

57
Q

What nerve supplies the lateral component of the leg?

A

Superficial fibular nerve (L5, S1 and 2)

58
Q

What causes foot drop?

A

Deep fibular nerve palsy causing a loss of muscle action in anterior compartment of the leg
Results in reduced or absent dorsiflexion

59
Q

What are the boundaries of the popliteal fossa?

A 
Superolateraly = biceps femoris
Superiomedially = semimembranous
Inferiorly = gastrocnemius
Roof = popliteal fossa
60
Q

What is contained within the popliteal fossa?

A

Fat
Terminal small saphenous vein
Popliteal vessels
Tibial and common fibular nerves

61
Q

What muscles does the achilles tendon (calcaneal tendon) attach to?

A

Gastrocnemius and soleus

Attaches to calcneal tuberosity of calcaneus

62
Q

How can the calcaneal tendon be tested?

A

Ankle jerk reflex - normal result is plantarflexion

Tests S1 and S2 nerve roots

63
Q

What do the superficial lymphatics of the leg follow?

A

Saphenous veins

Drain to superficial inguinal then to external iliac nodes

64
Q

What do the deep lymphatics of the leg follow?

A

Deep veins and drain into popliteal lymph nodes

Then to deep inguinal nodes to the external iliac nodes

MSK (34 decks)

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