Musculoskeletal disorders Flashcards
what does myositis mean?
inflammation of a voluntary muscle
what is tendonitis?
inflammation of the tendons
what does myopathy mean?
disease that affects voluntary muscle
what is the epiphyses?
the two ends of the bone which are composed of cancellous bone and covered with a thin layer of compact bone
what is a diaphysis?
the shaft of a bone composed of tough cylinders of compact bone
what is a metaphysis?
region where the diaphysis meets the epiphysis
where is bone marrow stored in a bone?
medullary cavity
what is articular cartilage?
thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering both ends of the epiphyses
what is the periosteum?
a sheath of tough connective tissue covering the non-articular of all bones
what is the inner layer of the periosteum composed of?
osteoblasts (bone forming cells) which enable the bones to expand in size
what is the endosteum?
consists of a layer of osteoblasts that line the medullary cavity
what are the components of a long bone?
- epiphyses
- diaphysis
- metaphysis
- medullary cavity
- articular cartilage
- periosteum
- endosteum
what is the ideal calcium:phosphorus ratio?
1.1:1 - 2:1
what causes rickets?
caused by a diet lacking in vitamin D which causes a lack of uptake of calcium
what does the lack of absorption in calcium cause in rickets cases?
causes reduced bone mineralisation around growth plates
how does secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism occur?
occurs due to hypocalcaemia triggering the release of parathyroid hormone
what is secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism caused by?
caused by a diet greatly deficient in calcium or containing an excess of phosphorus and low vitamin D
what are some clinical signs of secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism?
- reluctance to stand/move
- pain
- pathologic fractures
- neurological signs
- paresis/paralysis
what is metaphyseal osteopathy?
abnormal metaphyseal bone formation usually affecting long bones of distal limbs
what is hypertrophic osteopathy?
periosteal proliferation - thickening of the trabecular/cancellous bone with increased numbers of osteoblasts
what is osteomyelitis?
inflammation of the bone
what is an osteosarcoma?
malignant bone tumour
what is an osteoma?
- rare, benign inflammatory tumour of canine bone
- affect the flat bones of. the canine skull, facial bones and the long bones
what is a chondrosarcoma?
- tumour that affects bones such as ribs or nasal cavity
- originates in cartilage
what is a fibrosarcoma?
- tumour that affects bones of the axial skeleton including the skull and mandible
- originates in connective fibrous tissue
what is a haemangiosarcoma?
- malignant cancer that affects the blood vessels of dogs
- can originate in bone marrow and then rapidly spread
what are the three types of arthritis?
- immune mediated
- inflammatory
- degenerative
what is degenerative arthritis?
- gradual deterioration of articular cartilage
- can occur following infection, after surgery, or as a result of mechanical stress
what is immune mediated arthritis?
- immune system destroying the tissue of the joints
- often polyarthritis
what is inflammatory arthritis?
- infectious and non-infectious
- can be caused by penetrating trauma, surgery, septic spread
what additives help with joints?
- omega 3 fatty acids
- chondroitin
- glucosamine
- antioxidants
what is hip and elbow dysplasia?
- complex inherited conditions where the joint does not develop correctly
what are the two types of inflammatory myopathies?
- infectious
- immune mediated
what are the two types of non-inflammatory myopathies?
- endocrinopathies
- hereditary
