Endocrine disorders Flashcards
what is diabetes mellitus?
- chronic condition related to insulin deficiency
what is type 1 diabetes?
primary diabetes is where the pancreas fails to provide adequate insulin (common in dogs)
what is type 2 diabetes?
secondary diabetes is where the body cells are more resistant to insulin (common in cats)
what are some clinical signs of diabetes mellitus?
- polyuria/polydipsia
- polyphagia
- weight loss
- cataracts (dogs)
- weakness
what is diabetic ketoacidosis?
A form of decompensated diabetes mellitus in which cells use fats as an energy source because of their lack of access to glucose
what are some signs of a DKA?
- dehydration
- hypovolaemia
- metabolic acidosis
- electrolyte disturbances
how do you diagnose diabetes?
- blood tests
- urine tests
- blood test for serum fructosamine
- glucose curves
what is a somogyi overswing?
- an overdose of insulin insufficient to cause hypoglycaemia but triggers the body to release glucose
- results in a rebound hyperglycaemia
what are some dietary requirements for diabetes mellitus patients?
- general weight reduction
- feed same amount of food at same time
- low fat
- high protein
what is hypoglycaemia?
low blood sugar levels
what are some clinical signs of hypoglycaemia?
- hunger
- confusion
- muscle twitching
- collapse
- weakness
- ataxia
what are some clinical signs of diabetes ketoacidosis?
- vomiting
- tachypnoea
- anorexia
- dehydration
- urine test showing glucose and ketones
what is diabetes insipidus?
- related to the ADH hormone from the pituitary gland
- ADH acts on the kidney to trigger the reabsorption of water
- water absorption
what are the two types of diabetes insipidus?
- central diabetes insipidus
- nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
what is central diabetes insipidus?
- caused by a deficiency in the production of ADH,
- due to traumatic, tumour, birth defect or idiopathic
what is nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?
- failure of the collecting duct to respond to ADH,
- can be a birth defect, adverse medication reaction or secondary complication to certain diseases
what are some signs of diabetes insipidus?
- polydipsia/polyuria
- polydipsia exceeding 150ml/kg/day
- vomiting after ingestion of a large volume of water
- weight loss due to inappetence
- severe dehydration leading to seizures and death
what is hyperadrenocorticism?
- cushings
- elevated cortisol
- pituitary dependent or adrenal dependent
what is pituitary dependent hyperadrenocorticism?
causes an overproduction of ACTH which then stimulates the production of cortisol, normal negative feedback is shutoff
what is adrenal dependent hyperadrenocorticism?
commonly caused by adrenal neoplasias’s that cause cortisol. production
what are some clinical signs of hyperadrenocorticism?
- pot belly
- weight gain
- PU/PD
what does LDDST stand for?
low dose dexamethasone suppression test
what is the treatment for cushings?
- medication to block the production of cortisol - trilostane (vetoryl)
- surgical removal of adrenal tumour
what is hypoadrenocorticism?
- addisons
- lack of steroid production by the body which usually occurs as a result of immune destruction of the adrenal gland
what does hypoadrenocorticism cause?
- electrolyte imbalances
- low sodium
- high potassium
- dehydration
what are some clinical signs of addisons?
- lethargy
- weakness
- anorexia
- weight loss
- dehydration
what are some ways of diagnosing addisons?
- blood tests
- ACTH stimulation
- ECG
What is hyperthyroidism?
- excessive amounts of T3 and T4 released
- stimulatory effect on different body systems
what is some treatment of hyperthyroidism?
- surgical removal of affected thyroid gland
- administration of radioactive thyroid
- anti-thyroid drug
- iodine-deficient drug
what are some clinical signs of hyperthyroidism?
- polyphagia
- PU/PD
- weight loss
- dull coat
- v+, d+
what is hypothyroidism?
- under active thyroid
- deficiency in thyroid hormones will reduce the metabolic rate of the patient
what are some clinical signs of hypothyroidism?
- lethargy
- bradycardia
- hypothermia
- weight gain
what is hypothyroidism though to result from?
from either a immune mediated disorder that destroys thyroid tissue or from a thyroid gland atrophy
what is hyperparathyroidism/hypercalcaemia?
- an uncommon disease of abnormal calcium and phosphorus regulation
- usually due to a growth
what can hyperparathyroidism lead to?
progressive demineralisation of the bone
what is chronic renal failure?
- kidneys unable to efficiently eliminate phosphate from blood
- body creates a fall in calcium due to high high phosphate
- body then takes calcium from bones which results in bone demineralisation
what are some clinical signs of hyperparathyroidism?
- PU/PD
- anorexia
- lethargy
- weakness
- v+/d+
- tremors
what is hypocalcaemia?
- low level of calcium
- metabolic disorder
what are some causes of hypocalcaemia?
- hypoparathyroidism
- acute/chronic renal failure
- acute pancreatitis
- eclampsia
what is eclampsia?
low levels of calcium in a bitch as the puppies are using most of the calcium
