Endocrine disorders Flashcards
what is diabetes mellitus?
- chronic condition related to insulin deficiency
what is type 1 diabetes?
primary diabetes is where the pancreas fails to provide adequate insulin (common in dogs)
what is type 2 diabetes?
secondary diabetes is where the body cells are more resistant to insulin (common in cats)
what are some clinical signs of diabetes mellitus?
- polyuria/polydipsia
- polyphagia
- weight loss
- cataracts (dogs)
- weakness
what is diabetic ketoacidosis?
A form of decompensated diabetes mellitus in which cells use fats as an energy source because of their lack of access to glucose
what are some signs of a DKA?
- dehydration
- hypovolaemia
- metabolic acidosis
- electrolyte disturbances
how do you diagnose diabetes?
- blood tests
- urine tests
- blood test for serum fructosamine
- glucose curves
what is a somogyi overswing?
- an overdose of insulin insufficient to cause hypoglycaemia but triggers the body to release glucose
- results in a rebound hyperglycaemia
what are some dietary requirements for diabetes mellitus patients?
- general weight reduction
- feed same amount of food at same time
- low fat
- high protein
what is hypoglycaemia?
low blood sugar levels
what are some clinical signs of hypoglycaemia?
- hunger
- confusion
- muscle twitching
- collapse
- weakness
- ataxia
what are some clinical signs of diabetes ketoacidosis?
- vomiting
- tachypnoea
- anorexia
- dehydration
- urine test showing glucose and ketones
what is diabetes insipidus?
- related to the ADH hormone from the pituitary gland
- ADH acts on the kidney to trigger the reabsorption of water
- water absorption
what are the two types of diabetes insipidus?
- central diabetes insipidus
- nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
what is central diabetes insipidus?
- caused by a deficiency in the production of ADH,
- due to traumatic, tumour, birth defect or idiopathic
what is nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?
- failure of the collecting duct to respond to ADH,
- can be a birth defect, adverse medication reaction or secondary complication to certain diseases
what are some signs of diabetes insipidus?
- polydipsia/polyuria
- polydipsia exceeding 150ml/kg/day
- vomiting after ingestion of a large volume of water
- weight loss due to inappetence
- severe dehydration leading to seizures and death
what is hyperadrenocorticism?
- cushings
- elevated cortisol
- pituitary dependent or adrenal dependent
what is pituitary dependent hyperadrenocorticism?
causes an overproduction of ACTH which then stimulates the production of cortisol, normal negative feedback is shutoff
what is adrenal dependent hyperadrenocorticism?
commonly caused by adrenal neoplasias’s that cause cortisol. production
what are some clinical signs of hyperadrenocorticism?
- pot belly
- weight gain
- PU/PD
what does LDDST stand for?
low dose dexamethasone suppression test
what is the treatment for cushings?
- medication to block the production of cortisol - trilostane (vetoryl)
- surgical removal of adrenal tumour
what is hypoadrenocorticism?
- addisons
- lack of steroid production by the body which usually occurs as a result of immune destruction of the adrenal gland
