Musculoskeletal diseases full lecture

Question 1

Herniated intervertebral disk or sciatica

Answer 1

• Usually seen in 4th - 5th lumbar vertebra or 5th L spine and 1st sacral vertebra
• men
• can be because you did some heavy work or there is joint degeneration
• back pain especially when moving
• test - straight leg raising + CT and MRI
• take pain killers and rest or heat/cold applications
• people mostly get better

Question 2

Osteoporosis

Answer 2

• decreased Calcium + phosphate
• bone are weak and brittle
• affects women mainly over 50
• due to = diet, smoking, genes, lactose intolerance
• fracture or it hurts a lot
• Test = DEXA (mineral desity), Xray, blood test
• Treatment = supplements, physical therapy

Question 3

osteoarthritis

Answer 3

• Chronic inflammatory degeneration of joint cartilage and bone
• Occurs equally in the sexes until after age 55; then women are more at risk
  *Autoimmune, genetic, metabolic, mechanical factors possible; aging and obesity are risk factors
• Symptoms = pain, sounds in joints
  *Test = bone scan, MRI, Xrays
  Treatment : NSAIDS, glucocorticoid injection, physical therapy, surgery
  Complementary therapy - exercise in hot water, massage, good nutrition

(Osteoarthritis: what we see on x-ray = LOSS:
Loss of joint space
Osteopyhtes
Subchondral sclerosis
Subchondral cysts)

Question 4

RA

Answer 4

• Chronic, systemic, inflammatory disease of synovial membranes of multiple joints
• bone erosion and deformity, loss of cartilage
• immobility of joint
• Genetic or autoimmune
• Symptoms = joint pain, general flu symptoms, swollen INTERPHALANGEAL joints
• Tests = MRI, CT, Xrays, Positive rheumatoid factor blood test
• Treatment = injections, NSAIDS, surgery
• Complementary therapy - exercise in hot water, massage, good nutrition

Question 5

Gout

Answer 5

• Chronic disorder of uric acid metabolism
• around and in synovial joints like extremity = urate compound
• men > women
• inherited or due to renal dysfunctions
• extreme pain in all joints knee and below
• Xray and blood test
• NSAIDS, lots of fluid, injections and rest with hot and cold applications
• can’t drink alcohol, lots of fluid, high fibre

Question 6

Carpal tunnel syndrome

Answer 6

• compression of median nerve
• mainly due to repetitive motion
• Inflammation and Edema, compression of the median nerve
• Pain, burning, numbness, or weakness in one or both hands
• Decreased sensation to pinpricks
• Positive Tinel sign
• Tingling over median nerve
• Electromyogram
• Treatment = NSAIDS, splint or surgery

Question 7

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

DOPAMINE RASH

Answer 7

• systemic, autoimmune disease thus affecting all organs
• normal flu symptoms but also a butterfly rash, Photophobia, also Raynaud phenomenon, neurological symptoms and joint pain
• Test : anti-DNA test
• Treatment - due to photophobia wear protective clothing, due to joint pain take corticosteroid injections
• Complementary : supplement and different coloured vegetables

Question 8

Fibromyalgia

Answer 8

• everything to do with a muscle pain - starts off as a dull muscle pain
• constantly tired because no sleep
• women > men
• increased pain signals to the brain
• genetics
• Test :
  pain