congenital diseases

Question 1

Cerebral Palsy

Answer 1

D/S Bilateral, symmetrical, nonprogressive paralysis, brain defect/trauma
E/T Central nervous system damage before (maternal rubella), during (delivery trauma, prematurity), or after birth (head trauma, meningitis, poisoning)
S/S Hyperactive reflexes, rapid muscle contractions, involuntary muscle action, dystonia
D/X Neurological examination, inability to suck, difficulty with voluntary movements or separating legs, or use of only one hand, electroencephalogram
T/X No cure; overcome functional or intellectual disability
P/P Varies/Provide early prenatal care; promote good maternal health

Question 2

Neural Tube Defects: Spina Bifida, Meningocele, Myelomeningocele

Answer 2

D/S Developmental defects occurring in first trimester; incomplete closure of spinal cord bones; with protrusion of spinal cord, fluid, meninges
E/T Unknown; risk factors include exposure to radiation, viruses; genetic factor
S/S Dimple in skin, hair tuft or port- wine nevus; protruding saclike structure
D/X Ultrasound 14th to 16th week gestation, examination
T/X Some no treatment; others surgical repair
P/P Depends on extent of neurological deficit/Genetic counseling; folic acid

Question 3

Hydrocephalus

Answer 3

D/S Too much cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in brain ventricles; noncommunicating or communicating
E/T Problems with fetal development, infection, tumor, blood clot, faulty CSF absorption
S/S Enlarged head, bulging fontanelles
D/X Skull x-rays, angiography, computerized tomography scan
T/X Surgery, shunt
P/P Guarded; mental retardation, vision loss, impaired motor function/None known

Question 4

Pyloric Stenosis

Answer 4

D/S Narrowing of pylorus; more common in male clients
E/T Unknown; heredity
S/S Projectile vomiting, dehydration, starvation