Cardiovascular and Lymphatic system diseases

Question 1

Myocarditis

Answer 1

If not MI

• Cause : bacteria, viral, toxins, drugs or radiation therapy
• palpitations, fever, myalgia, Pleuritic pain, SOB and tachycardia
• ECG, MRI, blood test, history of respiratory infection
• oxygen therapy, antibiotics, ACE inhibitors, rest, decrease Na and fat, good diet

Question 2

Mitral stenosis

Answer 2

• occurs mostly after Mi
• Signs :
  1. Orthopnea, dyspnea
  2. Fatigue
  3. Palpitations
  4. Peripheral edema
  5. Atrial fibrillation
  6. Pulmonary hypertension
  7. Distention of jugular veins
  8. Abnormal heart sounds
• Treatment
• ECG, Xray, surgery, Balloon valvuloplasty

Question 3

Essential hypertension

Answer 3

1. High bp persists over many years MOSTLY Idiopathic

Stage 1 = more than 140/90 mm Hg
Stage 2 = more than 160/100 mm Hg

People at risk are:

1. they do everything bad
2. diabetic
3. Oral contraceptives
4. Genetic
5. Elderly

Test:
Check BP twice
Bruits
Xray, ECG

• Treatment
• diet (low-salt, low-fat)
• drugs that reduce blood pressure
  Moderate exercise
  Reduction in stress

Question 4

CAD

Answer 4

• Narrow artery - plaque
• Decreased blood supply to heart
• Decreased oxygen -> part of heart dies replaced with scar tissue
• More common in men, postmenopausal women, middle-aged persons, elderly persons
• Risk of getting are people with :
  high salt, fat intake
  age
  genetics
  smoking
  stress
  diabetes mellitus

* Signs and symptoms
Angina
Nausea, vomiting
Sweating
Feeling of panic

Test:
Look at angina pattern
Test stress
ECG, CT

Treatment:
No smoking
diet
surgery
drugs : like Nitroglycerine, beta blocker, antiinflams, pain killers and ACE inhibs (decreased blood pressure), increase Vit D intake

Question 5

Atrial Fibrillation

Answer 5

• atria out of sync with ventricles
• blood pools in atria -> blood clot -> embolises -> CVA
• Cause:
  1. heart injury or abnormality
  2. Hypertension, congenital heart defects, MI, viral infections, sleep apnea
• Signs
• sporadic or chronic
• “Racing” of the heart and palpitations
• Confusion, chest pain, weakness, and shortness of breath
  Test:
  ECG, Xray, holter monitor, face scan

Treatment

1. Beta or calcium channel blockers
2. Cardioversion, electrically or with medication
3. Cryoablation
4. Cough during fibrillation
5. Change diet

Question 6

CHF

Answer 6

• heart can pump well
• Circulatory congestion may occur in systemic venous circulation (resulting in peripheral edema) or pulmonary circulation (resulting in pulmonary edema—life-threatening)
• due to
  1. many cardiac diseases
  2. pulmonary diseases
  3. Degenerative conditions
  4. MI

* Signs
Distended neck veins
Oedema - pulmonary and peripheral
Cyanosis 
Enlarged liver - hepatomegaly
Tachypnea, palpitations