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Health Assessment > Musculoskeletal and Neurological Systems chapt 30 (645-658) > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal and Neurological Systems chapt 30 (645-658) Flashcards

1
Q

The muscles, bones, and joints are all part of what system?

A

musculoskeletal system

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2
Q

This part of the musculoskeletal system is assessed for strength, tone, size, symmetry, pain, cramping, and weakness:

A

muscles

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3
Q

This part of the musculoskeletal system is assessed for pain, stiffness, swelling, crepitation, heat, redness, limitation of movement:

A

joints

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4
Q

This part of the musculoskeletal system is assessed for pain, deformity, and trauma:

A

bones

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5
Q

A crackling or grating sound that’s heard from a joint is called:

A

crepitation

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6
Q

What part of the musculoskeletal system would you assess for atrophy or hypertrophy?

A

muscles

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7
Q

A decrease in size of a muscle is defined as:

A

atrophy

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8
Q

An increase in size of a muscle is defined as:

A

hypertrophy

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9
Q

You are assessing the musculoskeletal system of your pt and you notice that the L thigh muscle is smaller than the R thigh muscle. This finding is:

A

abnormal and indicative of atrophy

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10
Q

An abnormal contraction of a bundle of muscle fibers that presents itself as a twitch is called:

A

fasciculation

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11
Q

An involuntary trembling of a limb or body part is defined as:

A

tremor

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12
Q

The normal condition of tension or tone of a muscle at rest is defined as:

A

tonicity

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13
Q

You’re assessing the musculoskeletal system of your pt and you notice that the R arm is not firm. This finding is:

A

abnormal and indicative of being atonic

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14
Q

A muscle that lacks tonicity is defined as:

A

atonic

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15
Q

A weakness or laxness in the muscle of a pt upon activity is defined as:

A

flaccidity

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16
Q

A sudden involuntary muscle contraction felt upon palpation during activity is defined as:

A

spasticity

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17
Q

The muscle strength grading scale is from:

A

0-5

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18
Q

What grade of muscle strength depicts 100% of normal strength with normal full movement against gravity & against full resistance:

A

5

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19
Q

What grade of muscle strength depicts 50% of normal strength w/normal movement against gravity:

A

3

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20
Q

What grade of muscle strength depicts 0% of normal strength w/complete paralysis:

A

0

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21
Q

What grade of muscle strength depicts 75% of normal strength w/normal full movement against gravity and against minimal resistance:

A

4

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22
Q

What grade of muscle strength depicts 25% of normal strength w/full muscle movement against gravity with support:

A

2

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23
Q

What grade of muscle strength depicts 10% of normal strength w/no movement but contraction of muscle is palpable or visible:

A

1

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24
Q

You’re assessing the musculoskeletal system of your pt and you notice edema, tenderness, and swelling on the LLE upon palpation. This finding:

A

Abnormal and indicative of fx, neoplasm, or osteoporosis

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25
Q

Of the musculoskeletal system, what would you palpate for when inspect swelling of the joints on your pt:

A

presence of tenderness, crepitation, or nodules

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26
Q

What instrument is used to measure the ROM of joints:

A

goniometer

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27
Q

You’re assessing the clavicle of a newborn and you notice a mass along with crepitus. This finding is:

A

abnormal and indicative of a fx due to vaginal delivery

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28
Q

You’re assessing a 2 year old pt and you notice pronation along w/toeing in of the feet. This finding is:

A

normal for pts between 12-30 months of age

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29
Q

Children age 1 that are bowlegged after learning to walk is defined as:

A

genu varum and is normal

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30
Q

Children in preschool or early school-age that express knock-knee is defined as

A

genu valgus and is normal

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31
Q

Children under 5 years that express swayback is defined:

A

lordosis and is normal under age 5

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32
Q

When should curvature of the spine in children should be referred for further medical evaulation?

A

a curvature greater than 10%

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33
Q

What are the risk factors for girls who participate in extensive strenuous activity?

A

delayed menses, osteoporosis, and eating disorders

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34
Q

What causes the decrease in speed, strength, resistance to fatigue, reaction time, and coordination in older adults:

A

a decrease in nerve conduction and muscle tone

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35
Q

What predisposes the elderly to bone fxs and compressed vertebrae?

A

fragile bones and osteoporosis

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36
Q

The CNS (brain and spinal cord) and the PNS (peripheral nerve)are all part of what system?

A

neurological system

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37
Q

How long does a through neurological examination take:

A

1-3 hrs

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38
Q

What are the three major considerations that determine the extent of a neurological exam?

A

1: pt’s chief complaint, 2: pt’s physical condition (i.e., LOC, amb), 3: pt’s willingness to participate

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39
Q

An assessment of mental status reveals what of the pt’s general cerebral functions:

A

cognitive (intellect) and affective (emotional) functions all reflected in the pt’s use of language, memory, orientation.

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40
Q

Any defects in the loss of the power to express oneself by speech, writing, or signs, or to comprehend spoken or written language is defined as:

A

aphasia (can be categorized as either receptive or expressive)

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41
Q

You’re assessing a pt and you notice that the pt doesn’t seem to comprehend either your written or spoken words. This finding is:

A

abnormal and indicative that the pt has receptive aphasia (can be audio or visual)

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42
Q

You’re assessing your pt and you notice that the pt can understand you but can’t seem to express himself in spoken or written words. This finding is:

A

abnormal and indicative of expressive aphasia

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43
Q

This aspect of assessment determines the pt’s ability to recognize person, time, and place:

A

orientation (usually charted as awake, alert, & oriented x3; AA&Ox3)

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44
Q

This aspect of assessment involves the pt’s recall of info:

A

assesses memory

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45
Q

You’re assessing your pt’s memory. You have your pt recall info that you had him remember 15 seconds ago. This is what type of recall:

A

immediate recall

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46
Q

You’re assessing your pt’s memory. You have your pt recall info that happened earlier in the day during his first examination. This is what type of recall:

A

recent memory

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47
Q

You’re assessing your pt’s memory. You have your pt recall info that happened to him a few years back. This is what type of recall:

A

long-term (remote) memory

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48
Q

This aspect of assessment determines the pt’s ability to focus on a mental task (such as an easy math problem) that’s expected to be able to be performed by persons of normal intelligence:

A

attention span and calculation

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49
Q

Though this scale was originally used to predict recovery from head injury, it is now used to assess LOC:

A

Glasgow Coma Scale

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50
Q

The Glasgow Coma Scale test what three areas:

A

1: eye response, 2: motor response, 3: verbal response An assessment of 15 points indicates that the pt is alert and orientated

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51
Q

An automatic response of the body to a stimulus is called:

A

reflex

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52
Q

A DTR (deep tendon reflex) is activated when…

A

…a tendon is tapped/stimulated and its associated muscles contract

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53
Q

Sensory nerve terminals that occur chiefly in the muscles, tendons, joints and internal ear are called:

A

proprioceptors

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54
Q

A neurological assessment of the motor system involves what structures:

A

Structures involved in proprioception: proprioceptors, posterior column of spinal cord, cerebellum; vestibular apparatus (innervated by cranial 8) of the inner ear

55
Q

What gives information about the position of the body or the body’s movements:

A

stimuli from proprioceptors travel thru posterior columns of the spinal cord

56
Q

What helps to control posture, coordinates body movements with cerebral cortex and controls skeletal muscles to maintain equilibrium?

A

cerebellum

57
Q

What does a nsg hx focus on when assessing the neurological system?

A

Orientation, presence of pain (in back, head, or extremities), speech disorder (slurred-indicative of CVA or TIA), LOC

58
Q

A neurological assessment of sensory function involves what structures:

A

touch, pain, temp, position, and tactile discrimination

59
Q

Lost of sensation upon touch stimuli is defined as:

A

anesthesia

60
Q

Less than normal sensation upon touch stimuli is defined as:

A

hypoesthesia

61
Q

More than normal sensation to touch stimuli is defined as:

A

hyperesthesia

62
Q

You’re assessing the sensory function of your pt. Upon touch stimuli to the L cheek, your pt c/o a burning sensation. This finding is:

A

abnormal and indicative of paresthesia

63
Q

A burning, pain, or electric shock upon touch stimuli is defined as:

A

paresthesia

64
Q

Because diabetes and arteriosclerotic heart disease can result in the loss of protective sensation of the LE, what program helps to identify pts at increased risks:

A

LEAP (lower extremity amputation prevention program) requires high risk pts to foot screening 4 times a year

65
Q

The one-two point discrimination, stereognosis, and extinction are all used for…

A

…tactile discrimination

66
Q

This tactile discrimination tests the ability to sense whether one or two areas of the skin are being stimulated by pressure pins or sharp-dull:

A

one-two point discrimination

67
Q

This tactile discrimination is the ability to recognize objects by touch or manipulating them:

A

stereognosis

68
Q

This tactile discrimination is the failure to perceive touch on one side of the body when two symmetric areas of the body are touched simultaneously:

A

extinction

69
Q

When testing the plantar reflex, a positive Babinski would show:

A

the toes spread outward and big toe moves upward= abnormal

70
Q

You ask the pt to stand with feet together and arms resting at the sides, first with eyes open then with eyes closed. You’re having your pt perform what kind of motor test?

A

Romberg Test to assess gross motor function

71
Q

You’re having your pt perform the Romberg test and you notice that your pt sways slightly but still maintains stance. This finding is:

A

normal

72
Q

You’re having your pt perform the Romberg test and you notice that your pt sways slightly and loses balance with eyes shut. This finding is:

A

abnormal and indicative of sensory ataxia

73
Q

The lack of coordination of the voluntary muscles is defined as:

A

sensory ataxia

74
Q

The lack of maintaing balance whether eyes are open or shut is defined:

A

cerebellar ataxia

75
Q

The finger to nose test, alternating supination and pronation, and finger to thumbs are all assessments of what type of motor functions:

A

assess fine motor functions

76
Q

You’re having your pt perform a gross motor function by having the pt stand on one foot with eyes closed. You notice that the pt loses balance in 3 sec. This finding is:

A

abnormal. The pt should be able to maintain balance for at least 5 seconds.

77
Q

Stroking the side of the infant’s face near mouth and the infant opens mouth while turning head to the side that’s stroked is called:

A

rooting

78
Q

This reflex requires the infant to be supine with head turn to one side with arm on side to which head is turned and the opposite arm should extend.

A

tonic neck

79
Q

This reflex is done by placing a finger in infants hand and press into palm; the infant curls fingers around.

A

palmer grasp

80
Q

This reflex is done by holding infant as if weight bearing on surface and watching as infant steps along, one foot at a time

A

stepping

81
Q

This reflex requires loud noise or unexpected movement; infant spreads arms and legs, extends fingers, flexes and brings hands together; may cry

A

Moro

82
Q

Most of infant reflexes disappear upon what age:

A

4-6 months of age

83
Q

You’re assessing the Babinski reflex on a three year old. It is positive. This finding is:

A

abnormal after a child ambulates or at age 2

84
Q

To provide a comprehensive neurological evaluation for children under 5 years of age, what test is performed:

A

Denver Developmental Screening Test II

85
Q

At what age can we test children using the Romberg Test?

A

3+

86
Q

Of adults, which sort of memory is affected by age:

A

short-term memory

87
Q

You are assessing an elderly pt and you’ve been noticing mood changes, weight loss, anorexia, constipation, and your pt c/o waking up earlier than usual. This finding is:

A

abnormal and indicative of depression possibly due to loss of support persons (friends family)

88
Q

The stress of being in an unfamiliar situation can cause what in an older adult:

A

confusion

89
Q

A pt is admitted to ER and you notice a posturing with a flexing out of the limbs. This is called:

A

Decerebrate rigidity posturing (the worst type of posturing)

90
Q

A pt is admitted to ER and you notice a posturing with limbs very tight against body. This is called:

A

decorticate rigidity

91
Q

Lifespan Considerations of the Elderly

A

Short term memory less efficient, unfamiliar situations cause confusion, impulse transmission and reaction time slower, reflexes become less intense; impairment of: hearing, vision, smell, temperature, pain sensation and mental endurance may occur

92
Q

The lack of coordination of the voluntary muscles is defined as:

A

sensory ataxia

93
Q

The lack of maintaing balance whether eyes are open or shut is defined:

A

cerebellar ataxia

94
Q

The finger to nose test, alternating supination and pronation, and finger to thumbs are all assessments of what type of motor functions:

A

assess fine motor functions

95
Q

You’re having your pt perform a gross motor function by having the pt stand on one foot with eyes closed. You notice that the pt loses balance in 3 sec. This finding is:

A

abnormal. The pt should be able to maintain balance for at least 5 seconds.

96
Q

Stroking the side of the infant’s face near mouth and the infant opens mouth while turning head to the side that’s stroked is called:

A

rooting

97
Q

This reflex requires the infant to be supine with head turn to one side with arm on side to which head is turned and the opposite arm should extend.

A

tonic neck

98
Q

This reflex is done by placing a finger in infants hand and press into palm; the infant curls fingers around.

A

palmer grasp

99
Q

This reflex is done by holding infant as if weight bearing on surface and watching as infant steps along, one foot at a time

A

stepping

100
Q

This reflex requires loud noise or unexpected movement; infant spreads arms and legs, extends fingers, flexes and brings hands together; may cry

A

Moro

101
Q

Most of infant reflexes disappear upon what age:

A

4-6 months of age

102
Q

You’re assessing the Babinski reflex on a three year old. It is positive. This finding is:

A

abnormal after a child ambulates or at age 2

103
Q

To provide a comprehensive neurological evaluation for children under 5 years of age, what test is performed:

A

Denver Developmental Screening Test II

104
Q

At what age can we test children using the Romberg Test?

A

3+

105
Q

Of adults, which sort of memory is affected by age:

A

short-term memory

106
Q

You are assessing an elderly pt and you’ve been noticing mood changes, weight loss, anorexia, constipation, and your pt c/o waking up earlier than usual. This finding is:

A

abnormal and indicative of depression possibly due to loss of support persons (friends family)

107
Q

The stress of being in an unfamiliar situation can cause what in an older adult:

A

confusion

108
Q

A pt is admitted to ER and you notice a posturing with a flexing out of the limbs. This is called:

A

Decerebrate rigidity posturing (the worst type of posturing)

109
Q

A pt is admitted to ER and you notice a posturing with limbs very tight against body. This is called:

A

decorticate rigidity

110
Q

Lifespan Considerations of the Elderly

A

Short term memory less efficient, unfamiliar situations cause confusion, impulse transmission and reaction time slower, reflexes become less intense; impairment of: hearing, vision, smell, temperature, pain sensation and mental endurance may occur

111
Q

The lack of coordination of the voluntary muscles is defined as:

A

sensory ataxia

112
Q

The lack of maintaing balance whether eyes are open or shut is defined:

A

cerebellar ataxia

113
Q

The finger to nose test, alternating supination and pronation, and finger to thumbs are all assessments of what type of motor functions:

A

assess fine motor functions

114
Q

You’re having your pt perform a gross motor function by having the pt stand on one foot with eyes closed. You notice that the pt loses balance in 3 sec. This finding is:

A

abnormal. The pt should be able to maintain balance for at least 5 seconds.

115
Q

Stroking the side of the infant’s face near mouth and the infant opens mouth while turning head to the side that’s stroked is called:

A

rooting

116
Q

This reflex requires the infant to be supine with head turn to one side with arm on side to which head is turned and the opposite arm should extend.

A

tonic neck

117
Q

This reflex is done by placing a finger in infants hand and press into palm; the infant curls fingers around.

A

palmer grasp

118
Q

This reflex is done by holding infant as if weight bearing on surface and watching as infant steps along, one foot at a time

A

stepping

119
Q

This reflex requires loud noise or unexpected movement; infant spreads arms and legs, extends fingers, flexes and brings hands together; may cry

A

It’s called Moro

120
Q

Most of infant reflexes disappear upon what age:

A

4-6 months of age

121
Q

You’re assessing the Babinski reflex on a three year old. It is positive. This finding is:

A

abnormal after a child ambulates or at age 2

122
Q

To provide a comprehensive neurological evaluation for children under 5 years of age, what test is performed:

A

Denver Developmental Screening Test II

123
Q

At what age can we test children using the Romberg Test?

A

3+

124
Q

Of adults, which sort of memory is affected by age:

A

short-term memory

125
Q

You are assessing an elderly pt and you’ve been noticing mood changes, weight loss, anorexia, constipation, and your pt c/o waking up earlier than usual. This finding is:

A

abnormal and indicative of depression possibly due to loss of support persons (friends family)

126
Q

The stress of being in an unfamiliar situation can cause what in an older adult:

A

confusion

127
Q

A pt is admitted to ER and you notice a posturing with a flexing out of the limbs. This is called:

A

Decerebrate rigidity posturing/or extension posturing (the worst type of posturing)

128
Q

A pt is admitted to ER and you notice a posturing with limbs very tight against body. This is called:

A

decorticate rigidity/or abnormal flexion

129
Q

Lifespan Considerations of the Elderly

A

Short term memory less efficient, unfamiliar situations cause confusion, impulse transmission and reaction time slower, reflexes become less intense; impairment of: hearing, vision, smell, temperature, pain sensation and mental endurance may occur

130
Q

What are the usual causes of acute, abrupt-onset mental status changes:

A

delirium and reversible with TX

131
Q

What are the causes of chronic mental status changes:

A

dementia and are usually irreversible

132
Q

Your assessing a pt and you notice that your pt has a tremor of the right hand but goes away as she grabs her water glass. This finding is:

A

Resting tremor: abnormal and maybe indicative of parkinson’s

133
Q

You’re assessing your pt and you notice that her hand shakes when she grabs her coffee cup but goes away as she puts her hand back on her lap. This finding is:

A

Intention tremor and abnormal

134
Q

What is used to measure ROM of the joints:

A

goniometer

Health Assessment (13 decks)

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