Musculoskeletal Flashcards
Bones in average adult
206
Osteocytes
Mature bone cells that make up bony matrix
Osteoblasts
Build!
Responsible for bony matrix formation through ossification and calcification through collagen synthesis
Osteoclasts
Differentiated macrophages responsible for resorption of bony matrix
Osteoprogenitor cells
Undifferentiated hematopoietic and mesenchymal cells
Two major types of bone
Trabecular/cancellous-spony inside-low density red marrow
Cortical-(compact bone)- high density outside
Red marrow
Hematopoietic
Replaced by yellow with advancing age
Yellow
Store fat/adipose
Contain mesenchymal cells that differentiate into cartilaginous, bony or adipose cells
Epiphyseal plate
Made up of hyaline cartilage with a gelatin texture
Responsible for growth of metaphysis and diaphysis
Ends of our long bones with many osteoblasts that contribute to longitudinal growth
RANKL
protein that agonizes RANK receptors on
osteoclasts, dendritic cells, and T lymphocytes cell
membranes that, promote osteoclast activity
OPG
decoy receptor that RANKL binds to and inhibits osteoclastic activity
Hormones involved in bone development
Parathyroid hormone
Estrogen
Testosterone
Vit D
Growth hormone
Thyroid
Puberty and hormones on bone growth
Promot closure of epiphyseal plates
-estrogen/testosterone
What hormone leads to acromegaly?
Over production of growth hormone
Thyroid/parathyroid diagram
4 stages of fracture
Hematoma
Fibrocartilaginous callus formation
Callus ossification
Bone redmodeling
Ossification
Bone formation
Causes of osteoporosis
Low estradiol
Deficiencies in Ca, vitamin D
Rank-opg dysregulation
Hyperthyroid/parathyroid
Sedentary/age/female
Osteomalacia
RICKETS
low bone ossification and bone softening
NOT AN ISSUE OF DENSITY (porosis)
Can be a primary pain condition
Causes of osteomalacia
Same as osteoporosis
Also chronic renal, multiple pregnancies, medications
Osteitis deformans
(Pager disease)
Hyperproliferative remodeling from pathological osteolysis
-increased bone impinges nerves
Osteogenesis imperfecta
(Brittle bone disorder)
Genetic
Abnormal synthesis or processing of type one collagen- results in extremely low bone density
Craniosynostosis
-premature closure of cranial sutures
Osteomyelitis
Severe sometimes disseminated infection of bony tissue
Trauma/Peripheral artery disease, immunosuppression, neuropathy/IV drug use
Two types of joints
Synarthroses- little to no motion -bone to bone connection
Diarthroses- contain synovial capsule
Tendons
Muscle to bone
Prone to strains
Ligaments
Connect bone to bone
Prone to sprains
Why do sprains take so long to heal?
Very little vascularization
Osteoarthritis patho
Apoptosis of chondrocytes in articulate cartilage leads to thinking and fractures of that cartilage….
Leads to chronic inflammation and dysregulation of bone formation
-formation of osteophytes and bony cysts as well as thickening of synovial fluid
Rheumatoid arthritis
Type III hypersensitivity autoimmune disease (targets soluble substance)
Specifically reacts to rheumatoid factor
Systemic inflammation
Formation of pannus- constant inflammation around joints that causes STIFFNESS
Hypocalcemia- muscles
Spasticity
