Jeopardy Final Flashcards
True – or – False: The pancreas is both an endocrine and exocrine gland.
TRUE
Complete the sentence: Gastric parietal cells secrete _________ _____, which activates __________, secreted from the gastric chief cells.
hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen
What are Peyer’s patches?
These lymphatic follicles are densely concentrated in the ileum of the small intestine, responsible for detecting pathologic organisms.
Types of Diarrhea (chronic >2-4 weeks): List the types of diarrhea.
- Watery
- Secretory
- Osmotic
- Inflammatory
- Infectious
- Non-infectious
- Fatty
- Functional
- Drug-induced
Central venous pressure can be clinically evaluated by assessment for distension of which vein?
internal jugular vein
Complete the sentence: While auscultating heart tones, S1 and S2 are heard, but a __ gallop may be heard from atria contracting and pushing blood into a stiff, hypertrophic left ventricle, and a __ gallop from blood filling a thin, dilated left ventricle.
S4, S3
True – or – False: Pulsus alternans refers to a pulse pattern in which there is alternating variability of pulse strength due to left ventricular dysfunction.
TRUE
What are potential etiologies of PU’s acute and chronic diarrhea?
Multiple causes including infectious and non-infectious etiology.
What is the likely cause of abdominal pain in a patient with a 7 cm pulsatile mass?
Abdominal aortic aneurysm
Subluxation of the head of which bone is often a result of pulling with the arm while the elbow is extended?
radius
Measurement of the Cobb angle assists an examiner with estimating the severity of which orthopedic condition?
scoliosis
Complete the sentence: Common manifestations of osteoarthritis of the hands are _________ nodes and __________ nodes.
Bouchard, Heberden
Discuss possible orthopedic injuries suspected in a paragliding accident victim.
Spinal cord injury, possible cervical spinal cord injury, left scaphoid fracture
This chronic, pruritic rash is characterized by maculopapular patches in flexural skin folds. What is it?
atopic dermatitis (eczema)
This dermatologic infection, often caused by Group A Streptococcus pyogenes or Staphylococcus aureus, is characterized by an irritating or pruritic rash with vesicles. What is it?
impetigo
This family of viruses are known to cause recurrent pruritic or painful vesicles. What is it?
herpes (herpes simplex & herpes zoster)
This sub-acute, often pruritic or painful maculopapular rash is a result of a Type IV Hypersensitivity reaction to common metallic substances. What is it?
contact dermatitis
What are the two sex hormones that promote ossification and closure of the epiphyseal plates in long bones?
Estrogen and testosterone
True – or – False: Osteomalacia/rickets is broadly a disorder that results in bone fragility, whereas osteoporosis is a disorder of bone softening.
False
What is the correct statement regarding osteomalacia/rickets and osteoporosis?
Osteomalacia/rickets is a disorder that results in bone softening, whereas osteoporosis is a disorder of bone fragility.
To facilitate skeletal muscle contraction, calcium will bind to which muscle protein?
Troponin
What are the risk factors for developing a bone fracture in a patient with a history of Graves’ disease, anorexia nervosa, and secondary amenorrhea?
Recent trauma, hyperthyroidism, anorexia nervosa, secondary amenorrhea
What potential metabolic or endocrine imbalances may precipitate a bone fracture?
Elevated T3 and/or T4, deficiencies in Ca2+, PO43-, protein, and vitamin D
What enzyme deficiency is associated with gastrointestinal bloating and cramping, dyspepsia, flatulence, and diarrhea?
Lactase
What abdominal condition is defined by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity?
Ascites
Complete the sentence: Gastric mucosal cells secrete _______ to stimulate a hunger sensation, while adipocytes and gastric mucosal cells secrete _____ to stimulate satiety.
ghrelin, leptin
What are potential etiologies of chronic diarrhea and rash symptoms in a patient with a history of irritable bowel syndrome and binge drinking?
Celiac disease with dermatitis herpetiformis, history of irritable bowel syndrome
What lifestyle or genetic factors may place a patient at risk for gluten-related disorders?
Family history of gluten allergy, binge drinking behavior
What type of hypersensitivity reaction is associated with gluten allergy?
Type I hypersensitivity reaction
What type of hypersensitivity reaction is associated with celiac disease?
Type II/IV hypersensitivity reaction
Complete the sentence: The ______ of a stethoscope is best to detect low-frequency sounds, and the _________ for high-frequency sounds.
bell, diaphragm
Examples of low-frequency sounds include:
- Abnormal vascular sounds (e.g., bruits)
- Some heart sounds
Examples of high-frequency sounds include:
- Lung sounds
- Bowel tones
- Most heart sounds
What condition is characterized by fluid accumulation between the parietal and visceral pleura?
Pleural effusion
True – or – False: A pulmonary function test can detect both obstructive and restrictive lung diseases.
True
What are potential etiologies of coughing symptoms in a 5-year-old with a ‘whoop’ sound when inhaling?
Possible Bordetella pertussis infection, unspecific pharyngitis/bronchitis, bronchiolitis, community-acquired pneumonia, reactive airway disease
What risk factors does a 5-year-old patient have for infectious pulmonary processes?
- Un-immunization
- Recent travel
True – or – False: Secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) from the anterior pituitary stimulates strong, abundant release of triiodothyronine (T3), and a small amount of thyroxine (T4).
FALSE: Secretion of TSH stimulates thyroid follicular cells to release T4 (~80%) and T3 (~20%).
This chronic gynecological condition is characterized by androgen excess, anovulation, and insulin resistance.
What is polycystic ovarian syndrome?
Adipose cells and ovarian granulosa cells are capable of producing this enzyme, which catalyzes conversion of many steroids into estrogen.
What is aromatase?
Possible conditions leading to AB’s symptoms and lab abnormalities include _____ and _____ .
Possible Cushing’s syndrome, Diabetes mellitus (type II)
What hormone promotes longitudinal bone growth by stimulating chondrocyte function and osteoprotegerin?
What is growth hormone (GH)?
Complete the sentence: ____ serum calcium levels can lead to skeletal muscle spasticity, paresthesias, and seizures, whereas ____ serum calcium levels can lead to skeletal muscle weakness, twitching, and myalgias.
low, high
When this protein binds to receptors on osteoclasts, dendritic cells, and T lymphocytes, osteoclastic activity is promoted.
What is RANKL?
Possible milk alkali syndrome can lead to _____, _____, and _____ .
hypercalcemia, alkalosis, renal injury
This virus has ~180 subtypes, but relatively few are capable of causing cancerous or verrucous findings.
What is human papillomavirus (HPV)?
Common cancerous subtypes of HPV include:
- 16
- 18
- 31
- 33
- 35
- 39
- 45
- 51
- 52
- 56
- 58
- 59
- 66
- 68
Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis are common sexually-transmitted organisms that may cause an infection to these structures in the scrotum, potentially leading to _____ .
What is epididymitis?
True – or – False: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) can be transmitted through sexual intercourse, while this mode of transmission is rare among other types of hepatitis.
TRUE
Possible etiologies of EF’s altered mental status and skin findings include _____ and _____ .
Possible tertiary syphilis, Possible advanced HIV infection or AIDS
Identify how disruptions in the neuromuscular contraction may have occurred in CD’s case.
Hypercalcemia, C botulinum neurotoxin
Elevated adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) can lead to _____ and _____ .
elevated cortisol, drug-induced from corticosteroids
Complete the sentence: Elevated gluconeogenesis and _____ secretion may be involved in AB’s case.
glucagon
What are the two proteins located on the surface of the influenza virus that are capable of antigenic shift and drift?
Hemagglutinin and neuraminidase
Complete the sentence: _____________ refers to a micro-organism’s ability to qualitatively infect a host and cause disease, while _________ refers to the quantitative severity of a disease that a micro-organism will cause.
Pathogenicity; virulence
What are the substances secreted by Streptococcus pyogenes to damage host cells and disrupt cellular metabolism?
Exotoxins
Identify possible micro-organisms that may be causing JD’s GI infection.
Escherichia coli, Campylobacter jejuni, Shigella species, Salmonella species, Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium, Norovirus, Rotavirus
What is the potential consequence of administering antibiotics to a patient with an E. coli infection?
Release of endotoxin due to E. coli bacteriolysis
Complete the sentence: “________ is secreted from the ________ pituitary, stimulating breastmilk biosynthesis; and ________ is released from the ________ pituitary, stimulating breastmilk ejection.”
Prolactin; anterior; oxytocin; posterior
What hormone’s impaired secretion or distribution can result in diabetes insipidus, dehydration, and hypernatremia?
Vasopressin/anti-diuretic hormone
GLUT 2 transporters facilitate the movement of glucose intracellularly and stimulate the release of which hormone?
Insulin
Identify factors affecting JD’s blood pressure and electrolyte balances in the case study.
Hyperaldosteronism affecting Na+ & H2O reabsorption and K+ & H+ excretion
How can chronic elevated blood pressure affect endothelial function?
Endothelial dysfunction due to turbulent flow/shear stress
What sexually-transmitted parasitic infection is a common cause of acute vaginitis?
Trichomonas vaginalis
What is the most common causative organism of bacterial vaginosis?
Gardnerella vaginalis
After menopause, less release of estrogen may result in this condition characterized by vulvovaginal dryness, elevated vaginal pH, dysuria, and dyspareunia.
Atrophic vaginitis
Discuss possible etiologies of JD’s nipple discharge in the case study.
Milky discharge: Possible hyperprolactinemia from haloperidol; Bloody discharge: Possible breast cancer
Identify red flag signs and symptoms of JD’s presentation in the case study.
Unilateral bloody nipple discharge, breast mass, non-tender supraclavicular lymphadenopathy
