Extra Credit Questions Flashcards
What is the primary role of Von Willebrand factor in primary hemostasis?
C) It binds platelets together at the site of endothelial injury to form a platelet plug
Which of the following is NOT a factor that affects disease severity?
D) Having a sibling with VWD
If one parent has two copies of the allele for autosomal dominant type 1 Von Willebrand Disease (VWD) and the other has no copies, what is the chance their child will have type 1 VWD?
100%
Which of the following best describes the primary pathophysiological mechanism of acute pyelonephritis?
B. Retrograde ascent of bacteria from the lower urinary tract causing renal inflammation
Which of the following is the primary reason why emphysematous pyelonephritis (EPN) historically had a high mortality rate of 40-90%?
Lack of early diagnosis and appropriate treatment
Which group has the highest prevalence of acute pyelonephritis in the United States?
Sexually active women
Select the primary pathophysiological process involved in rhabdomyolysis:
Breakdown of skeletal muscle fibers releasing intracellular contents into circulation
What is the classic clinical manifestation of rhabdomyolysis?
Muscle pain, dark urine, and weakness
Who would be at the highest risk for developing rhabdomyolysis?
45-year-old male firefighter working to stop the Los Angeles wildfires and takes atorvastatin
What is the primary cause of scabies?
B. Infestation by the Sarcoptes scabiei mite
How are scabies most commonly transmitted?
Prolonged skin-to-skin contact with an infected person
Which symptom is most characteristic of scabies?
Intense itching, especially at night
Why does scabies itch often persist even after treatment?
The immune system continues to react to mite debris and antigens
Which hormone imbalance in PCOS is associated with increased deposition of adipose tissue?
B. High Androgen Levels
Which of the following are common clinical manifestations of PCOS? (Select all that apply)
A. Infertility *
B. Weight loss
C. Weight gain *
D. Anovulation *
E. Hirsutism *
PCOS is most commonly associated with which metabolic condition?
Insulin resistance
- PCOS is a leading cause of infertility. Excess androgen, increased LH, and decreased FSH contribute to this by causing:
Anovulation
patient with hyponatremia is being evaluated for SIADH. Which of the following findings is most consistent with this diagnosis?
Increased urine osmolality (> 100 mOsm/kg)
The patient was admitted to the hospital with viral pneumonia. The nurse noted that the patient also has hyponatremia. What clinical manifestations would indicate SIADH is the cause of low serum sodium?
Confusion*
Low urine output*
Increased urine output.
A and B
- Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of SIADH?
Diabetes Insipidus
Which of the following lifestyle changes would most effectively reduce the risk of developing osteoporosis?
c. Quitting smoking, performing weight-bearing exercises, and consuming calcium-rich foods.
Which statement best describes how the process of bone remodeling is altered in individuals with osteoporosis?
Bone resorption outpaces bone formation, leading to weakened bones.
Why is osteoporosis more prevalent in women than in men?
Hormonal changes during menopause significantly decrease bone density.
Which of the following people is most at risk for the development of pernicious anemia?
C. 75-year-old with Graves’ disease
Which of the following is an accurate description of why pernicious anemia develops?
Failure to absorb vitamin B12 due to a deficiency in intrinsic factor
patient newly diagnosed with pernicious anemia asks you how the numbness and tingling in their hands and feet is related to the disease. Which of the following is the best answer?
A. Vitamin B12 is necessary for your nerves to function properly. Because your body hasn’t been able to get the B12 it needs, the nerves in your hands and feet were damaged.
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is an autoimmune disorder that affects the thyroid gland. Which endocrine process is primarily involved in this condition?
The immune system attacks the thyroid, leading to inflammation and reduced thyroid hormone production
The thyroid gland releases two main hormones. Once released into the blood stream, which of these hormones is the more active, causing noticeable symptoms through the activation of the sympathetic nervous system SNS?
Triiodothyronine (T3) is the more active thyroid hormone, activating the sympathetic nervous system, affecting heart rate, blood pressure & metabolism.
Which of the following is a hallmark histological feature observed in the thyroid gland of patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis?
E) Hurthle cell transformation and lymphocytic infiltration
What kind of genetic variation results in sickle cell disease?
Point mutation
Missense mutation
Which state about how sickle cell anemia is passed to offspring is CORRECT?
This condition is an autosomal recessive disease
Sickle cell disease comprises a group of inherited blood disorders primarily affecting which type of cells?
Erythrocytes
