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515B > Gastrointestinal > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Flashcards

1
Q

Enteric nervous system

A

2 layers of neurons that run along the entirety of the GI tract

Network: myenteric and submucosal plexus

Controls swallowing, enzyme release, blood flow and elimination

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2
Q

Autonomic NS in GI

A

Motility and acid secretion

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3
Q

CNS and. GI

A

Extrinsic neural input

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4
Q

Gastrin

A

Released in stomach

Stimulates acid production and motility

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5
Q

Secretin

A

Released in small intestine

Stimulates pancreas to release pancreatic juice to neutralize acid

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6
Q

Cholecystokinin

A

Produced in small intestine

Triggers release of bile from gall bladder to slow stomach emptying

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7
Q

Peptide YY

A

Secreted in ileum

Signals satiety

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8
Q

Ghrelin

A

Produced in stomach

Stimulates appetite

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9
Q

How many layers of the stomach?

A

4

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa

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10
Q

Serosa

A

Outmost layer of stomach, (peritoneum)

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11
Q

Peristalsis

A

Occurs in circular and longitudinal smooth muscle

Involuntary contractions of the muscle

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12
Q

G cells

A

Produce gastrin and stimulate parietal cells

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13
Q

Parietal cells

A

Produce HCL and intrinsic factor

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14
Q

Chief cells

A

Secrete pepsinogen and break down proteins

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15
Q

Mucous neck cells

A

Secrete mucous

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16
Q

Portal vein

A

Drains GI tract, carry’s byproducts to liver

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17
Q

How many lobes in liver

A

2

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18
Q

What’s produced in the liver and where does it go?

A

Bile, to the gall bladder via the common bile duct

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19
Q

How much of our blood volume is in the LIVER?

A

13%

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20
Q

Glycogenesis vs glycogenolysis

A

Synthesis of glycogen to store glucose

Breakdown of glycogen for energy

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21
Q

What hormone stimulates glycogenesis?

A

Insulin

-helps bring glucose into hepatocytes

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22
Q

Hormone that stimulates glycogen breakdown?

A

Glucagon (from pancreas?)

Also epinephrine

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23
Q

Liver functions

A

Bile production
Detoxification
Nutrient metabolism
Protein synthesis
Glucose regulation
Fat metabolism
Hormone production
Immune function
Blood storage- shunted in emergencies
Drug metabolism

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24
Q

Pancreas function

A

Exocrine organ: digestive protein secretion, lipase, protease, amylase

Endocrine organ: secretes insulin, glucagon, somatostatin

Filters lymph and removes waste

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25
Q

Gallbladder function

A

Stores bile from the liver

-efficient for digestion but not essential for life

26
Q

Function of bile

A

Breakdown of fat in small intestine

27
Q

Duodenum

A

Receives food from stomach

28
Q

Jejunum

A

Assists in nutrient absorption

29
Q

Ileum

A

Primary site of nutrient absorption

30
Q

Function of small intestine

A

Digestion
Nutrient absorption
Waste removal

31
Q

Cecum

A

Beginning of the large intestine

32
Q

Colon

A

Main section of large intestine

4 sections

33
Q

Rectum vs anus

A

Rectum-shit storage

Anus-shit release

34
Q

Large intestine function

A

Water and electrolyte absorption

Formation of waste

35
Q

Hiatal hernia

A

Protrusion of stomach through esophageal hiatus of diaphragm

36
Q

PRIMARY site of nutrient absorption

37
Q

Scleraderma

A

Replaces tissue with fibrous tissue (scarring)

Stiffens the esophagus (can’t squeeze)

38
Q

Mallory-Wess syndrome

A

Longitudinal tears at esophagogastric junction

-emesis/retching

39
Q

Most common cause of cancer in the GI tract

A

Adenocarcinoma cell

40
Q

Barrett’s esophagus

A

Repeated scarring of the esophagus from reflux

41
Q

Upper GI stress ulcers

A

Curlings ulcers- large surface burns- fluid shunting and ischemic ulcers

Cushings ulcer- increased ICP and vagal nerve which increases acid production

Ischemic- hemorrhage and sepsis

42
Q

Cholelithiasis

A

Formation of gall stones

43
Q

Cholecystitis

A

Inflammation of gallbladder and cystic duct

44
Q

Cholangitis

A

Inflammation related to bile duct infection

45
Q

Choledocholithiasis

A

Obstruction of biliary tract by gall stones due to presence of larger stones

46
Q

Jaundice prehepatic

A

-Unconjugated bilirubin is elevated
• Cause – excessive destruction of red blood cells

47
Q

Jaundice intrahepatic

A

Unconjugated and conjugated bilirubin are elevated

• Cause – disease or damage to hepatocytes

48
Q

Jaundice post hepatic

A

Conjugated bilirubin is elevated

• Cause – obstruction of bile flow into the gallbladder of duodenum

49
Q

Hepatitis

A

Inflammation of liver!
Bacterial/viral/idiopathic/alcohol/immune

Mild-impaired hepatocytes

Severe- impaired hepatocytes, necrosis and obstruction of blood and bile flow

50
Q

Dark urine in hepatitis

51
Q

What causes ascites in cirrhosis?

A

Portal vein hypertension- pushes fluid into the interstitial

52
Q

Cirrhosis

A

Progressive destruction of the liver

4 stages of progressing fibrosis

Stage three becomes symptomatic

Stage four= true cirrhosis

53
Q

Hepatocellular carcinoma

A

Most common liver tumor

54
Q

Pancreatitis

A

Painful

Caused by gallstone accumulation/alcoholism

Results from digestion of the tissues around the pancreas due to the premature activation of pancreatic enzymes

55
Q

IBS defining or lack of defining symptom

A

NO blood in the stool
-change in motility of the large intestine that is largely nervous system triggered

56
Q

Defining characteristic of crohns

A

Skip lesions

57
Q

Diverticulosis

A

asymptomatic outpouching of the mucosa
through the muscular layer of the colon

58
Q

Diverticulitis

A

Inflammation of the diverticula that is very painful

59
Q

Diverticulum

A

Abnormal sac or pouch formed at a weak point in the wall of the alimentary tract

515B (8 decks)

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