MUSCULOSKELETAL Flashcards
What are the two minerals that bone contains?
Calcium - blood clotting, nerve & muscle function.
Phosphorus - involved in enzyme system.
What ratio should calcium & phosphorus be to maintain health?
1-1.5 : 1
What are the 5 different classes of bone disease?
Metabolic - nutrition.
Congenital - present at birth.
Endocrine - thyroid diseases.
Infectious - infectious organism that has gone into bone.
Neoplastic - osteosarcoma etc.
Unclassified diseases.
What are the signs of primary hyperparathyroidism?
PU/PD
Weakness/exercise intolerance
Poor appetite
Shivering
Loss of muscle mass
Vomiting
Constipation
Stiff gait
What is primary hyperparathyroidism?
Causes hypercalcaemia due to over secretion of parathyroid hormone.
Due to functional disorder of gland.
What is nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism?
Occurrence in dogs is due to chronic excessive dietary intake of phosphorus resulting in hypocalcaemia, resulting in secretion of parathormone.
What is renal secondary hyperparathyroidism?
Complication from chronic renal failure.
Decrease in calcium levels which stimulates the parathyroid glands to produce too much parathormone.
What is hypopituitism?
A congenital growth hormone deficiency - also known as dwarfism.
What is congenital or acquired hypogonadism?
When the sex glands produce no/little amount of sex hormones.
Females will not come in to oestrus & males will have small testicles.
What is Osteomyelitis?
An inflammatory condition that affects the bone cortex and marrow cavity.
Infectious osteomyelitis is primarily due to bacterial infection.
What is acute osteomyelitis?
Wounds that involve the bone.
Infection spreads along the marrow or under the periosteum.
What is chronic osteomyelitis?
May follow after acute episode.
Systemic signs much less common.
Area of bone lost blood supply may have sinus tract to the skin.
In terms of neoplastic disease, what does primary mean?
That it arises from the tissue itself.
In terms of neoplastic disease, what does secondary mean?
That it is metastatic spread of the tumour from another soft tissue.
In terms of neoplastic disease, what does benign mean?
That the tumour will grow quite slowly.
In terms of neoplastic disease, what does malignant mean?
Tumour is locally invasive and will spread.
What is an osteoma?
Tumours found on axial/appendicular skeleton.
Slow growing/hard.
What is an osteosarcoma?
Found on the distal radius/ulna, femur/tibia, or proximal tibia/fibia.
Very aggressive, spreads to lymph and lungs.
What is a chondrosarcoma?
Found on flat bones.
Slow to met.
What is a fibrosarcoma?
Found on growth plates periosteum.
Quite rare.
What is a chondroma?
Found on the skull.
Has local invasion to the brain.
What is an osteochondroma?
Found on limbs & vertebrae.
Common during active bone growth.
What are the causes of intra-articular haemorrhage?
Haemophilia, synovial inflammation, articular cartilage damage, joint capsule fibrosis.
What is the treatment for osteoarthritis?
Conservative management - NSAIDs, physio & weight control.
