FLUID THERAPY Flashcards
What is thrombophlebitis?
A condition where inflammation of the tunica intima occurs, clots begin to form.
Occurs spontaneously.
What are some causes of thrombophlebitis?
Patient factors.
Poor cannula placement technique.
Cannula related factors.
Poor asepsis.
Pharmaceuticals.
Poor identification of phlebitis.
What are the signs on thrombophlebitis?
Hard.
Painful.
Palpable.
Inflamed.
Swelling around cannula.
Cellulitis.
Erythema.
Secretion from cannula insertion point.
What are the two methods of assessing thrombophlebitis?
Ward phlebitis scale
Visual infusion phlebitis score (VIP)
What are the three classifications of thrombophlebitis?
Mechanical - cannula too large, placement near valve or joint.
Infectious - bacterial colonise on inflammatory debris.
Chemical - drugs with a low pH linked to phlebitis (e.g., antibiotics, hypertonic solutions, potassium).
What are the two main water sources?
Ingestion - eating & drinking.
Metabolism of fats and carbohydrates.
What is an insensible loss?
Inevitable losses/cannot be regulated.
Lost in - skin & respiratory tract.
Accounts for 20ml/kg/24hrs.
What are sensible losses?
Controlled by the animal - lost in urine & faeces.
Faeces accounts for 10-20ml/kg/24hrs.
Urine accounts for 20ml/kg/24hrs.
What is the normal intake for a healthy animal to maintain normal water balance?
50-60ml/kg/24hrs
What are some additional losses?
Vomiting/diarrhoea
Lactation
Burns
What are the four types of fluid abnormalities?
Primary water depletion
Water & electrolyte depletion
Potassium depletion
Potassium accumulation
What are the causes for primary water depletion?
Prolonged inappetance.
Water deprivation.
Diabetes insipidus.
Fever, Pyrexia.
Excessive panting.
What are some causes of water & electrolyte depletion?
Vomiting, diarrhoea.
Intestinal obstruction.
Pyometra.
Wounds/burns.
What are some causes of potassium depletion?
Prolonged inappetence.
Vomiting, prolonged diarrhoea.
Prolonged diuretic therapy.
What are some causes of potassium accumulation?
Ruptured bladder.\
Urethral obstruction.
Acute renal failure.
Addison’s disease.
