ENDOCRINE Flashcards
Where is the pituitary gland located?
The base of the brain.
What hormones does the pituitary gland produce?
ACTH
TSH
FSH
LH
ADH
Oxytocin
Where is the thyroid gland located?
Behind the larynx.
What hormones does the thyroid gland produce?
Thyroid
Calcitonin
Where is the parathyroid gland located?
Either side of the thyroids.
What hormone is produced by the parathyroid gland?
Parathormone.
Where is the pancreas located?
In the loop of the duodenum.
What hormones does the pancreas gland produce?
Insulin
Glucagon
Where is the adrenals gland located?
Cranial to the kidneys (in front of the kidneys).
What hormones does the adrenals gland produce?
Cortisol
Aldosterone
What gland is associated with Diabetes Mellitus?
The pancreas
What gland is associated with Diabetes Mellitus?
The pancreas
What hormone imbalance is there with Diabetes Mellitus?
Insulin deficiency
What gland is associated with Diabetes Insipidus?
Pituitary gland
Kidney
What hormone balance is there with Diabetes Insipidus?
ADH deficiency
Failure to respond to ADH
What gland is associated with Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing’s)?
Pituitary
Adrenals
What hormone imbalance is there with Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing’s)?
Excess ACTH = excess cortisol.
Tumour = excess cortisol
What gland is associated with Hypoadrenocortiscism (Addison;s)
The adrenals.
What hormone imbalance is there with Hypoadrenocorticism?
Aldosterone and/or = cortisol deficiency.
What gland is associated with hyperthyroidism?
The thyroid
What hormone imbalance is there with hyperthyroidism?
Excess thyroxine
What gland is assosiciated with hypothyroidism?
The thyroid.
What hormone imbalance is there to do with hypothyroidism?
Thyroxine deficiency.
What gland is the hyperparathyoidism associated with?
Parathparathyroidism
What is Diabetes Mellitus caused by?
Caused by a deficiency of insulin.
Results in the body being unable to store sugar (as glycogen) in the cells, therefore high levels of glucose remain in the circulation.
What is the most common cause of diabetes Mellitus?
Degeneration of the beta cells of the pancreas (islets of langerhans), which are responsible from insulin production.
What are the two types of Diabetes Mellitus?
Type 1 = caused by the destruction of cells in the pancreas that produce insulin.
Type 2 = the pancreatic cells produce inadequate amounts of insulin or there is resistance to the insulin that is produced.
What are the initial clinical signs on Diabetes Mellitus?
Polyphagia
Polydipsia & polyuria
Still bright & happy
What are the advanced clinical signs of Diabetes Mellitus?
Anorexia
Vomiting
Dehydration
Ketosis - when the body cannot access BG for energy in the body.
PU/PD
What is a complication in Diabetes Mellitus that can occur?
Hypoglycaemia - too much insulin is injected, animal fails to eat, animal exercise too much, ‘peak effect’ is before 3/4 of ration.
Signs of hypoglycaemia.
Ataxia
Muscle tremors & weakness
Collapse & coma
What is insulin resistance?
Occurs if the root of Diabetes Mellitus is immune mediated (or there is an immune response to the insulin being used) and the body is destroying the insulin as quickly as it is being administered.
What is Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing’s) & causes?
Tumour of the pituitary gland causing an increase in ACTH.
Adrenal tumour causing increased cortisol.
Clinical signs of Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing’s)?
Polyphagia, PU/PD
Bilateral alopecia
Potbellied (hepatomegaly)
Muscle weakness/lethargy
What is Hypoadrenocorticism (Addison’s)?
A result of too little cortisol and/or too little aldosterone being produced by adrenal glands.
Vague clinical signs = vomiting, diarrhoea, lethargy, depression.
What is an addisonsian crisis?
When clinical symptoms of Hypoadrenocorticism become more severe (collapse, bradycardia, slow CRT). A life threatening condition.
What is Hyperthyroidism?
The production of excessive thyroxine & is most commonly seen in cats over 6yrs - rarely dogs.
Clinical signs of hyperthyroidism
Increased metabolic rate
Polyphagia
PU/PD
Aggression
Excitability
Tachycardia
Palpable mass in neck (goitre)
What is hypothyroidism?
A deficiency in amount of thyroxine produced.
Most commonly seen in dogs - rarely seen in cats.
Clinical signs of hypothyroidism
Anorexia
Weight gain
Lethargy
Bilateral alopecia Potbellied
Bradycardia
Slowdown of metabolic rate
What is Hyperparathyroidism?
A condition caused by excess levels of parathormone.
The hormones parathormone (parathyroid’s) & calcitonin (thyroid) work antagonistically to balance levels of calcium in blood.
What are the two types of hyperparathyroidism?
Primary = caused by tumour of parathyroid glands.
Secondary = caused by renal failure (rubber jaw) or nutritional imbalance.
What are the causes of Diabetes Insipidus?
Two possible causes.
Central DI = failure of the pituitary to produce ADH.
Nephrogenic DI = failure of the kidney to respond to ADH.
Clinical signs of diabetes Insipidus
PU & PD +++++
Low USG (1.000-.007)
