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Myology 1 > Muscular Tissue > Flashcards

Muscular Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

How does Muscular Tissue contribute to Homeostasis?

A

It does this by moving substances through the body, producing movements and producing heat for normal body temp.

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2
Q

How much of a persons body weight is muscle?

A

About 40 - 50% of a persons total bodyweight.

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3
Q

What does Muscular strength reflect?

A

It Reflects “The primary function of muscle, the transformation of Chemical energy into mechanical energy to generate force…”

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4
Q

What are the types of Muscular Tissue?

A

There are 3 types of Muscular tissue:

Skeletal, Cardiac & Smooth.

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5
Q

What differs in each type of Muscular tissue?

A

They all differ on the microscopic level and are controlled by the Nervous system and Endocrine system in different ways.

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6
Q

Where does the name for Skeletal muscle tissue come from?

A

It gets its name because most of the Skeletal Muscle tissue moves the bones of the Skeletal System.

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7
Q

What does it mean for a Muscle tissue to be “Striated”?

A

This means that the Muscle tissue contains “striations”, the light and dark protein bands that can be seen under a microscope.

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8
Q

What are “Striations”?

A

Alternating Light and Dark protein bands that can be seen under a microscope.

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9
Q

What type of Muscle Tissue is Cardiac Tissue?

A

The Cardiac Muscle tissue is also striated along with Skeletal Muscle.

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10
Q

What type of action does the Cardiac muscle undergo?

A

This type of muscle tissue undergoes “Involuntary” contraction.

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11
Q

Where is “smooth Muscle tissue” Located in the body?

A

It is located in the walls of hollow internal structures.
Such as:
Blood vessels, airways & most organs of the Abdominal-pelvic cavity.

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12
Q

Does Smooth muscle tissue contain Striation like Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle tissue?

A

No it does not contain these structures, For this reason this type of tissue looks “Non-striated” and is referred to as Smooth.

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13
Q

What are the functions of Muscular Tissue?

A

Producing body movements, Stabilizing body positions, Storing and moving substances within the body, Generating Heat.

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14
Q

What are the Properties of Muscular tissue?

A

Electrical Excitability, Contractibility, Extensibility, Elasticity.
These properties allow for muscular tissue to contribute to Homeostasis.

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15
Q

What is Electrical Excitability?

A

This is the ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing electrical signals called “Action potentials”.

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16
Q

What are “action potentials” referred to in muscles as?

A

They are called “Muscle Action Potentials” & those in nerve cells are called “Nerve Action potentials.

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17
Q

What are the 2 types of stimuli that can trigger an action potential in the muscular tissue?

A

“Auto rhythmic electrical signals” & “Chemical Stimuli”.

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18
Q

What are Auto rhythmic Electrical Signals triggered by?

A

These are Action Potentials that arise from the muscle tissue itself.
Such as the hearts pacemaker.

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19
Q

What are chemical Stimuli in the Muscular tissue?

A

These are chemical changes that create action potentials in the muscular tissue.
Such as: neurotransmitters released by neurons, hormones distributed by blood, or even local changes in the ph.

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20
Q

What is the Property of the Muscular tissue “Contractibility”?

A

This is the ability of the Muscle to contract forcefully when stimulated by an action potential.

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21
Q

What is “Force of Contraction”?

A

This is when a Skeletal Muscle Contracts and generates tension while pulling on its attachment point.

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22
Q

What happens to the Muscular Tissue if the Tension created is great enough to overcome the resistance of an object to be moved?

A

The Muscle shortens and Movement occurs.

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23
Q

What is the Muscular Tissue property “Extensibility”?

A

This is the ability of the Muscle tissue to stretch, within limits, without being damaged.

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24
Q

What in the Muscular Tissue limits the range of extensibility and keeps it within the contractile range of the muscle cells?

A

The connective tissue in the Muscular tissue maintains this.

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25
Q

What is the Property of Muscular tissue “Elasticity”?

A

This is the ability of the Muscular tissue to return to its original length & shape after contraction or extension.

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26
Q

Skeletal Muscle is a separate organ composed of What Structures?

A

The Skeletal muscles are made of Cells called Fibres.

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27
Q

What is Superficial Fascia within a skeletal muscle?

A

This is a Loose connective tissue & fat underlying the skin.

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28
Q

what is Deep Fascia within a Skeletal Muscle?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue around the muscle.

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29
Q

What are the connective tissue components of a Skeletal Muscle?

A

Epimysium: Surrounds the whole muscle.

Perimysium: Surrounds bundles (Fascicles) of 10-100 muscle cells.

Endomysium: Separates individual muscle cells.

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30
Q

What is a Tendon?

A

A cord of dense connective tissue that attaches a muscle to the periosteum of a bone.

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31
Q

What is a Aponeuroses?

A

It is a tendon that extends as a broad, flat layer.

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32
Q

What is the nerve and blood supply for a Skeletal muscle consist of?

A

Each Skeletal muscle is supplied by a nerve, an artery and 2 veins.

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33
Q

Where are nerve fibres and capillaries found in the skeletal muscle?

A

They can be found in the Endomysium between individual cells.

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34
Q

What are Myofibres?

A

These are the muscle cells:

They are long, cylindrical & Muiltinucleated.

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35
Q

What is Sarcolemma?

A

This is the muscle cell Membrane.

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36
Q

What are Sarcolemma filled with?

A

They are filled with tiny threads called “Myofibrils & Myoglobin”.

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37
Q

What do the Skeletal Muscle fibres consist of?

A

The Skeletal muscle fibres covered by Sarcolemma consist of:

T tubules & Sarcoplasm & Myofibrils.

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38
Q

What are T tubules?

A

These are tiny invaginations of the sarcolemma that help spread the muscle action potentials to all the parts of the muscle fibres.

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39
Q

What is Sarcoplasm?

A

This is the Muscle cell cytoplasm and contains a large amount of “Glycogen” for energy production and “Myoglobin” for Oxygen storage.

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40
Q

What is the Anatomy of T (transverse) tubules?

A

T tubules are invaginations of the Sarcolemma into the centre of the cell / fibre.
They are filled with Extracellular fluid & carry muscle action potentials down into the cell.

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41
Q

Where do the Mitochondria lay in to Cell / Fibre of the Skeletal Muscle fibre?

A

They lie in rows throughout the cell near muscle proteins that use ATP during contraction.

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42
Q

What are Myofibrils?

A

Each Fibre contains “Myofibrils” that consist of thin and thick filaments. (Myofilaments)

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43
Q

What are Muscle Fibres filled with?

A

Muscle fibres are filled with threads called Myofibrils and separated by SR (Sarcoplasmic reticulum).

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44
Q

What is a Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)?

A

This Encircles Each Myofibril.
They store calcium ions in a relaxed muscle.
Releases calcium ions during muscle contraction.

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45
Q

What portion of the Skeletal muscle is the contractile portion?

A

The contractile portion of the Muscle is called (Myofilaments) there are Thin and Thick Filaments that are the contractile proteins of the muscle.

46
Q

What are the details of the Filaments of a Muscle?

A

Thick & Thin Filaments overlap each other in a pattern that creates “Striations”.

47
Q

What are light “I” bands of a muscle fibre?

A

This region contains only Thin filaments.

48
Q

What are the Filaments arranged into?

A

They are arranged into compartments called “sarcomeres”, separated by Z discs.

49
Q

What are the supporting structures & proteins of the Thick and Thin Myofilaments?

A

M line, Titin and Z disc help anchor the thick and thin filaments in place.

50
Q

What are the Proteins of the Muscle?

A

Myofibrils are built of three kinds of proteins:
Contractile proteins
Regulatory proteins
Structural proteins

51
Q

What are Contractile proteins?

A

They are Myosin and Actin.

52
Q

What are Regulatory proteins?

A

Turn contraction on and off and contain Troponin & Tropomyosin.

53
Q

What are Structural proteins?

A

They provide proper alignment, elasticity and Extensibility.
They contain Titin, Myomesin, nebulin, dystophin.

54
Q

What is Fibromyalgia?

A

This is a Chronic condition affecting the Fibrous connective tissue components of the muscle and ligaments.

55
Q

How would you know if a client has Fibromyalgia? / Symptoms of the condition.

A

Symptoms of this condition include:
Pain that results from gentle pressure at specific points (Tender points).
Even without pressure there is some pain.

56
Q

What does the Sub-cutaneous layer consist of?

A

The sub-cutaneous / Hypodermis layer separates muscle from skin.
It is composed of Areolar connective tissue & Adipose tissue.

57
Q

What is the purpose of Fascia?

A

It allows for free movement of the muscles, carries nerves, blood vessels and lymph vessels.
It also fills space between muscle.

58
Q

What are the 3 layers of connective tissue that extend from the fascia to protect and strengthen skeletal muscle?

A

Epimysium
Perimysium
Endomysium

59
Q

What are Fascicles?

A

These are bundles of 10-100 or more muscle fibres covered in Perimysium.

60
Q

What is the Epimysium?

A

The outer layer encircling the muscle fibre, it consist of dense irregular connective tissue.

61
Q

What is the Perimysium?

A

It is a layer of dense irregular connective tissue surrounding bundles of 10-100 muscle fibres.
These are called Fascicles.

62
Q

What is the Endomysium?

A

This layer penetrates the interior of each Fascicle and separates each fibre from one another.

63
Q

What is the structure formed when all 3 connective tissue components stretch beyond the Muscle fibres to attach muscle fibres to periosteum to bone?
(When it extends as a rope-like structure)

A

This structure is called a “Tendon”.

64
Q

What is the type of connective tissue from bone to muscle called (When it extends as a broad flat sheet)?

A

This is referred to as a “Aponeurosis”.

65
Q

How many Nuclei does a mature muscle fibre have?

A

They have about a hundred or more each.

66
Q

What is included in the Microscopic anatomy of the muscle fibre?

A

Sarcolemma, T tubules, Sarcoplasm, Myofibrils & (SR), Filaments, Sarcomere.

67
Q

What is considered the plasma membrane of a muscle fibre/cell?

A

It is the Sarcolemma.

The Nuclei lay just beneath this.

68
Q

How does the Muscular Action potential reach the entire muscle at relatively the same instance.

A

Thousands of tiny invaginations of the Sarcolemma called T tubules tunnel in from the surface towards the centre of each fibre.
Muscular Action potentials travel through the Sarcolemma into the T tubules that spread through to each fibre of the muscle.

69
Q

What does the Sarcoplasm Consist of?

A

It includes a substantial amount of Glycogen & Myoglobin.

70
Q

What can glycogen be used for?

A

it can be used for the Synthesis of ATP.

71
Q

What does Myoglobin do for the Muscle tissue?

A

It stores and Realeases O2 when mitochondria need it for ATP production.

72
Q

What does Myoglobin do for the Muscle tissue?

A

It stores and Realeases O2 when mitochondria need it for ATP production.

73
Q

Where do the Mitochondria lay within to Muscle?

A

They lay strategically close to the contractile fibres so that ATP can be produced and quickly supplied to the contractile fibres.

74
Q

What are the Structures called Filaments in Muscular tissue?

A

These are smaller protein structures within the Myofibrils.
Also called Myofilaments.
There are Thin and thick Filaments.
There are 2 Thin filaments for every 1 Thick.

75
Q

What is the Structural protein “Titin”?

A

The 3rd most plentiful protein in skeletal muscle.
Connects the Z discs to the m line, helping stabilize the Thick filament position.
Can stretch.

76
Q

What do Structural Proteins do for the Muscular tissue?

A

They help Keep thick ad thin filaments of myofibrils in proper alignment, provide elasticity, Extensibility, and link myofibrils to sarcolemma and extracellular matrix.

77
Q

What does Contractile proteins do for the Muscular Tissue?

A

Proteins that generate force during contraction.

78
Q

What does the Regulatory proteins do for the Skeletal Muscle?

A

Proteins that help switch muscle contraction on and off.

79
Q

What is the Structural protein “a-Acitin”?

A

Protein of the Z disc that attaches to Actin molecules of thin filaments and to titin.

80
Q

What is the Structural protein “Myomesin”?

A

Protein that forms the M line of a sarcomere.

Binds to titin And connects adjacent thick filaments to each other.

81
Q

What is the structural protein “Nebulin”?

A

Protein that wraps around entire length of each thin filament.
Helps anchor thin filaments to z discs & regulates length of thin filaments during development.

82
Q

What is the Structural protein “Dystrophin”?

A

Protein that links thin filaments of Sarcomere to integral membrane proteins in sarcolemma.
Helps transmit tension created by sarcomeres to Tendons.

83
Q

What is “Muscle Hypertrophy”?

A

Increased production of Myofibrils, Mitochondria, (SR).

This results from very forceful, repetitive muscular activity, such as strength training.

84
Q

What is “Fibrosis”?

A

When the number of new skeletal muscle fibres created by Satellite cells isn’t enough for the damage to the muscle.
Fibrosis occurs and Scar tissue replaces muscle fibres.

85
Q

What is “Muscular Atrophy”?

A

This is a decrease in muscle size of muscle fibres as a result of progressive loss of myofibrils.

86
Q

What is Sarcolemma?

A

The plasma membrane of the Muscle Cell / Fibre.

87
Q

What is Transverse tubules?

A

Thousands of tiny invaginations of the Sarcolemma that help quickly spread the action potentials throughout the Muscle fibres.

88
Q

What is Sarcoplasm?

A

Within the Sarcolemma there is Sarcoplasm.
The cytoplasm of the muscle fibre.
It contains (Red coloured proteins called Myoglobin).

89
Q

What are Myofibrils?

A

The (SR) is packed with myofibrils, the contractile portion of the Muscle.

90
Q

What is the definition of Skeletal musle?

A

Skeletal muscle is primarily attached to skeletal tissue.
Its striated and Voluntary.
Attaches to Skin, bone or fascia.

91
Q

What is the definition of Cardiac Muscle?

A

Forms the wall of the heart.

Its Striated and Involuntary.

92
Q

What is the definition of Smooth Muscle?

A

Local to Viscera.

Its Non striated and Involuntary.

93
Q

What are Motor Neurons?

A

They supply multiple muscle cells and is apart of the Neuromuscular junction.

94
Q

What is Each muscle cell supplied with in relation to Nerves and blood supply?

A

Each muscle cell is supplied with One motor neuron terminal branch & is in contact with one or two Capillaries.

95
Q

Where are nerve fibres and Cappilaries found in the muscular tissue?

A

They are found in the Endomysium between individual cells.

96
Q

What does each Muscle fibre consist of?

A

Each Fibre contains Myofibrils that consist of Thick and Thin Filaments called (Myofilaments).

97
Q

What does the (SR) encircle?

A

Each Myofibril is encircled by (SR).

It helps store Calcium and release it when it is needed.

98
Q

From the Centre of the Sarcomere to the Outside edge what are the sections named?

A

M-line, H zone, A band, Zone of overlap of A - I bands, I band, Z disc.

99
Q

What does the A band consist of?

A

The A band contains the zone of overlap of the A - I band and M-line. Extends the entire length of the Thick filaments.

100
Q

What is the H zone of a Sarcomere?

A

In the centre of each A band is a H zone and only contains Thick filaments.

101
Q

What does troponin do as a regulatory protein?

A

When calcium ions bind to Troponin, it changes shape.

This moves tropomyosin away from myosin binding sites on actin & muscle contraction begins.

102
Q

What does tropomyosin do as a Regulatory protein?

A

When skeletal Muscle fibres are relaxed, It covers myosin binding sites on actin molecules, thereby preventing myosin from binding to actin.

103
Q

What do Thin Filaments contain?

A

They contain:

Actin, Troponin & Tropomyosin.

104
Q

What is the structure Skeletal muscle made up of?

A

It is formed by Fascicles that contain muscle cells called fibres.
blood vessels and nerves wrapped in Epimysium.

105
Q

What is a Fascicle made up of as a structure?

A

Bundles of muscle fibres wrapped in Perimysium.

106
Q

What is a Muscle Fibre / Cell made up of as a structure?

A

Cylindrical cells covered in Endomysium and Sarcolemma.

Contains:
Sarcoplasm, Myofibrils, nuclei, mitochondria, T Tubules, (SR). The fibre has a Striated appearance.

107
Q

What are Myofibrils made up of as a structure?

A

Threadlike contractile elements within Sarcoplasm of muscle fiber that extend entire length of fiber.
Composed of Filaments.

108
Q

What are the Myofilaments of a Myofibril made up of?

A

They are composed of Structures called Sarcomeres.

The sarcomeres are made of Contractile proteins, Actin and Myosin.

109
Q

What can Exercise do to the Myofilament of a Myofibril of a muscle Fiber?

A

Torn Sarcolemma
Damaged Myofibrils
Disrupted Z Discs

110
Q

What are Supporting structures of a Myofibril that help anchor Thick and thin Filaments in place?

A

Things such as:

Titin, M-line & Z discs help anchor Thick and Thin Filaments in place.

111
Q

When muscle contraction occurs do the Thick and Thin Filaments Change in length?

A

No they do not only the placement of them.

Myology 1 (13 decks)

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