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Myology 1 > Control of Muscle Tension > Flashcards

Control of Muscle Tension Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Twitch contraction?

A

A twitch contraction is a brief contraction of all the muscle fibres in a motor unit in response to a single Action potential.

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2
Q

What is a Myogram?

A

This is a recored / graph of a Muscle contraction.
Including 3 periods:
Latent, Contraction and relaxation.

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3
Q

What is a refractory period?

A

This is the time when a muscle has lost “Excitability” skeletal muscle has a short refractory period and cardiac muscle having a long refractory period.

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4
Q

What occurs in the “Latent” Period of twitch contraction?

A

Calcium is being released from the (SR).

Slack is being removed from Elastic components.

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5
Q

What occurs in the “Contraction period of Twitch contraction?

A

Filaments slide past each other.

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6
Q

What occurs in the “Relaxation” period of a Twitch contraction?

A

Active transport of Calcium into (SR).

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7
Q

What is “Wave Summation”?

A

This is the increased strength of a contraction resulting from the application of a second stimulus before the muscle has completely relaxed after a previous stimulus.

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8
Q

What is a sustained muscle contraction that permits partial relaxation between stimuli?

A

This type of contraction is known as “Incomplete Tetanus” or Unfused.

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9
Q

What is a Sustained contraction that lacks even partial relaxation between stimuli?

A

This type of contraction is known as “Complete Tetanus” or Fused.

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10
Q

What is the process of “Recruitment”?

A

This is the process of increasing the number of active motor units.
(Multiple motor unit Summation)

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11
Q

What does Recruitment help do for muscle?

A

It prevents fatigue and helps provide a smooth muscle contraction rather than a series of jerky movements.

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12
Q

What would happen if the a second stimulation occurs in a muscle after the refractory period but before the muscle contraction is complete?

A

The second contraction is stronger than the first?

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13
Q

What is the difference between Complete and incomplete Tetanus?

A

Complete / Fused Tetanus:
there will only be partial relaxation between stimuli.
Incomplete / Unfused Tetanus:
a sustained contraction with no relaxation between stimuli will result.

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14
Q

How do Wave summations and Tetanus occur?

A

They both result from remaining Calcium in the sarcoplasm.

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15
Q

Why is the force of the second contraction easily added to the first?

A

This is because the elastic elements remain partial contracted and do not delay the beginning of the second contraction.

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16
Q

What is muscle tone used for?

A

Keeps muscle firm even when relaxed
Does not produce movement
Essential for maintaining posture
important for blood pressure (Tone of smooth muscle in the vessel walls)

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17
Q

What is Muscle Tone?

A

An involuntary contraction of a small number of motor units.

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18
Q

What is Isotonic contraction?

A

This is when a load is moved, This includes Concentric and Eccentric.

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19
Q

What is Isometric contraction?

A

This is a contraction where no movement occurs.

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20
Q

What is Concentric Contraction?

A

This is a Contraction where a Muscle shortens to produce force and movement.

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21
Q

What is Eccentric Contraction?

A

This is a contraction where a muscle lengthens while maintaining force and movement.

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22
Q

What are the types of Skeletal muscle?

A

On the basis of structure and function, skeletal muscle fibers are classified as:
Slow oxidative.
Oxidative-glycolitic / Fast glycolytic fibres.

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23
Q

What are the qualities of Slow Oxidative muscle fibres?

A

Red in colour.

They have prolonged / Sustained contractions for maintaining posture.

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24
Q

What are Slow Oxidative muscle fibers also named?

A

They are also referred to as “Slow Twitch”.

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25
Q

What are the Qualities of Oxidative-glycolytic?

A

Red in colour.

Split ATP at very fast rate: Used for walking and sprinting.

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26
Q

What are Fast Glycolytic Fibers also referred to as?

A

They are also named “Fast Twitch B”.

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27
Q

What are the qualities of Fast Glycolytic fibers?

A

White in colour.

Used for Anaerobic movements for short duration like weightlifting.

28
Q

What muscles contain a mix of all 3 types of skeletal fibers?

A

Most of them.

29
Q

What muscles generally have higher of Slow twitch muscle fibers?

A

Muscles such as:

Neck, Back & Legs have higher amounts of these fires as they help with posture.

30
Q

What muscles generally have higher amounts of Fast twitch fiber groups?

A

Muscles such as:

Shoulder & Arms have these muscle groups more often.

31
Q

What muscles generally have higher amounts of Fast twitch fiber groups?

A

Muscles such as:

Shoulder & Arms have these sober groups more often.

32
Q

Within a Motor Unit is there more than 1 type of fiber group?

A

No, within a Motor unit the fibers are all the same.

33
Q

What are Anabolic Steroids and what do they do for a person?

A

This is a Drug similar to Testosterone.

It increases a persons Muscle Mass, strength and Endurance.

34
Q

What are the side effects to taking Anabolic steroids?

A

Liver cancer
Kidney damage
Heart Diseases
Mood swings
Facial hair and a deepened voice in females
Atrophy of testicles and baldness in males

35
Q

What are the 2 types of Smooth muscle?

A

Smooth muscle tissue is Non-striated and involuntary and is classified into 2 types:
Viceral smooth muscle
&
Multiunit smooth muscle

36
Q

Where can you find Viceral smooth muscle?

A

Found in the Walls of small blood vessels and Hollow viscera.

37
Q

Where can you find Multiunit Smooth muscle?

A

Found in the walls of Large blood vessels and Large airways.

38
Q

What is the microscopic anatomy of Smooth muscle like?

A

Sarcoplasm of smooth muscle fibers contains both thick and thin filaments which are not organized into Sarcomeres.
Smooth muscle contains Intermediate filaments that connect to large bodies.

39
Q

What does Skeletal muscle develop from?

A

It develops from Mesoderm.

40
Q

What do Muscles of the head and Extremities develop from?

A

They develop from:

General mesoderm.

41
Q

What do muscles besides the head and Extremities develop from?

A

They develop from:

Mesoderm of Somites.

42
Q

What does the Fusion of myoblast do in the body for the skeletal muscle tissue?

A

Mature muscle cells develop from…

43
Q

What is Regeneration of Skeletal muscle fibers like?

A

Skeletal muscle fibers cannot divide after the first year.

It is growth and enlargement of the existing cells.
And repair of those cells.

44
Q

What is regeneration of Cardiac muscle tissue like?

A

Cardiac muscle tissue cannot divide or repair.

All healing of this tissue is done by Fibrosis.

45
Q

What is Smooth muscle tissue like?

A 
Cells can grow in size for this type through Hypertrophy. 
Some cells (Uterus) can divide (Hyperplasia). 
New fibers can form from stem cells in BV walls.
46
Q

What is involved in aging and muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal muscle begins to be replaced by fat (Adipose tissue) beginning at age 30.
Slowing of reflexes and maximal strength.
Change in fiber type to Slow twitch may be due to lack of use or may be a result of aging.

47
Q

What is Myasthenia Gravis?

A

A progressive Autoimmune condition in which the ACH receptors are blocked at the (NMJ).

48
Q

What is Hypotonia?

A

This refers to a Decreased or lost muscle Tone.

They appear to be flattened more than rounded.

49
Q

What is Hypertonia?

A

This refers to Increased muscle tone, It can be shown in 2 ways.
Spasticity & Rigidity.

50
Q

What is Spasticity described as?

A

Characterized by increased muscle tone Associated with with an increase in tendon reflexes and pathologies.

51
Q

What is Rigidity described as?

A

Characterized by increased muscle tone in witch reflexes are not effected. This occurs In tetanus.

52
Q

What do slow oxidative (Slow twitch) Fibers produce ATP with?

A

They mostly use Aerobic Respiration to produce ATP.

This is because they have many Mitochondria.

53
Q

Why are (Slow twitch) Muscle fibers said to be slow?

A

This is referring to the production of ATP within the cells.
ATP in the myosin head Hydrolyze at a slower rate than
They produce movements slower but are more resistance to fatigue.

54
Q

How do (Fast Twitch A) muscle fibers create ATP?

A

They do this through Aerobic Respiration and Anaerobic Glycolysis.
The Hydrolozys occurs 3-5 times faster than in Slow twitch.

55
Q

How is ATP created in (Fast Twitch B) Muscle fibers?

A

It is formed by Anaerobic glycolysis because they contain large amounts of Glycogen in the Cells.
They fatigue fast.

56
Q

What is effective stretching?

A

Stretching cold muscles does not increase flexibility and may cause injury.
Stretching is most effective when slow gentle pressure is applied to the warmed tissue.

57
Q

What are the Abnormal Contractions of a Muscle?

A

This includes:

Spasms, Cramps, Tic, Tremor, Fassiculation.

58
Q

What is Muscular Dystrophy?

A

The term muscular dystrophy refers to a group of inherited muscle destroying disorders that cause progressive degeneration of skeletal muscle.

59
Q

What is the most common Muscular Dystrophy?

A

A condition called Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD).

60
Q

What is (DMD)?

A

A form of muscular dystrophy, it affects boys almost exclusively.
Becoming apparent in ages 2-5 When parents notice children have a hard time running, jumping.

61
Q

What is Muscle Atrophy?

A

It is wasting away of muscle tissue.

caused by disuse (Disuse Atrophy) or by Reduced nerve supply (denervation Atrophy).

62
Q

What is Muscle Hypertrophy?

A

Increasing of the diameter of muscle fibers.
Resulting from very forceful, repetitive muscle activity.
Increasing in the Myofibrils, Mitochondria and (SR).

63
Q

What is DOMS?

A

12-48 hours after strenuous muscle activity, there will be soreness, tenderness and swelling due to Microscopic cell damage.

64
Q

What is a Tremor?

A

Rhythmic, Involuntary contraction of opposing muscle groups.

65
Q

What is a Fasciculation?

A

Involuntary, brief twitch of a motor unit visible from under the skin.

66
Q

What can intense Exercise do to the muscle?

A

It can damage the Sarcolemma, Myofibrils and Z discs.

there is increased levels of Myoglobin and Creatine phosphate found in the muscle tissue.

67
Q

What can intense Exercise do to the muscle?

A

It can damage the Sarcolemma, Myofibrils and Z discs.
there is increased levels of Myoglobin and Creatine phosphate found in the muscle tissue.
DOMS.

Myology 1 (13 decks)

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