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Biology anatomy/physiology > muscular system structure and functions > Flashcards

muscular system structure and functions Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

A
  • skeletal muscle
  • cardiac muscle
  • smooth muscle
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2
Q

What are the general characteristics of skeletal muscle?

A
  • attached to bones of skeleton

- voluntary (consciously controlled)

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3
Q

what are the general characteristics of cardiac muscle?

A
  • makes up most of the wall of the heart
  • involuntary
  • responsible for pumping action of the heart
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4
Q

What are the general characteristics of smooth muscle?

A
  • found in walls of internal organs, such as those of digestive tract
  • involuntary
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5
Q

What are the functions of muscle tissue?

A
  • body movement
  • maintenance of posture
  • temperature regulation
  • storage and movement of materials
  • support
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6
Q

what is the structure of skeletal muscle?

A

composed of:

  • skeletal muscle tissue
  • nervous tissue
  • blood
  • CT
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7
Q

What are the actions of skeletal muscle?

A
  • generate a great variety of body movements
  • the action of each muscle mostly depends upon:
  • the type of joint it is associated with
  • the way the muscle is attached on either side of the joint
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8
Q

What are origin, insertion and action?

A

origin: less moveable end of muscle
insertion: more moveable end of muscle
action: what movement is made

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9
Q

What are the CT coverings over skeletal muscles?

A
  • fascia (dense CT separating individual muscles)
  • tendons (cordlike structure connecting muscle to bone)
  • aponeuroses (sheet-like structure that is composed of dense CT
  • epicranial aponeuroses
  • lumbar aponeuroses
  • external oblique aponeuroses
  • palmer aponeuroses
  • linea alba
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10
Q

What are the different muscle structures?

A
  • myofilaments
  • myofibrils
  • muscle fiber
  • fascicle
  • muscle
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11
Q

What is endomysium?

A
  • delicate loose CT that surrounds each muscle fiber

- provides the chemical environment for the exchange of ions for nervous stimulation

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12
Q

What is a fascicle?

A
  • is a bundle of muscle fibers covered by a CT sheath

- all of the fascicles together form the entire muscle which is surrounded by a layer of fibrous CT called the epimysium

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13
Q

What is a perimysium?

A
  • sheath of CT that encloses a bundle of skeletal muscle fibers or a fascicle
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14
Q

What is the epimysium?

A

outer layer of CT surround a skeletal muscle

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15
Q

What is a fascia?

A
  • most superficial layer of CT and is continuous with the epimysium and serves to separate individual muscles
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16
Q

what are thick and thin filaments?

A
  • structures containing the contractile proteins actin and myosin
  • intracellular
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17
Q

What is a myofibril?

A
  • overlapping parallel groups of thick and thin filaments in a repeating pattern; underlying basis for the striation pattern
  • intracellular
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18
Q

What is the structure of a muscle fiber?

A
  • a single muscle cell, multinucleate and may be many centimeters long
  • within a muscle, surrounded by a layer of CT called endomysium
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19
Q

what is the structure of a fascicle?

A
  • a bundle of muscle fibers within a muscle

- within a muscle, surrounded by a layer of CT called perimysium

20
Q

what is the structure of a muscle?

A
  • a bundle of fascicles

- surrounded by a layer of CT called epimysium and in some cases an additional layer called muscle fascia

21
Q

What is a muscle compartment?

A
  • is the space that contains a particular group of muscles, blood vessels, and nerves
  • all tightly enclosed by fascia
22
Q

What is the structure of a skeletal muscle fiber?

A
  • contains numerous myofibrils
  • each consist of repeating units called sarcomeres
  • the characteristic striations of a sarcomere reflect the organization of actin (thin) and myosin (thick) filaments
23
Q

What do the skeletal muscle striations result from?

A
  • repeating pattern of units called sarcomeres that are within each muscle fiber
  • myofibrils are essentially sarcomeres joined end to end
24
Q

what is a sarcomere?

A
  • structural and functional unit of a myofibril

- muscle fibers and muscles themselves may be thought of as collections of sarcomeres

25
Q

how is skeletal muscle composed?

A
  • layers of CT
  • fascia covers the surface of the muscle
  • epimysium lies beneath the fascia and is continuous with the periosteum of the bone/tendons
  • perimysium extends into the structure of the muscle where it separates fascicles
  • endomysium separates individual muscle fibers
26
Q

What does muscle fiber consist of?

A
  • is a single elongated cell surrounded by a plasma membrane, known as the sarcolemma
  • each muscle fiber contains multiple nuclei that are found just beneath the sarcolemma
  • threadlike structures called myofibrils extend the length of the fiber and dominate its interior
  • myofibrils are unique to muscle and are composed of two kinds of protein filaments - actin (thin) and myosin (thick) myofilaments
27
Q

How are actin and myosin myofilaments organized?

A
  • in a contractile unit called a sarcomere
  • the sliding of these filaments along each other shortens the sarcomere
  • this results in movement of the skeleton
28
Q

What is an aponeurosis?

A
  • sheet of CT that attaches muscles to bone, skin, and other muscles
29
Q

What is a compartment?

A
  • a space that contains a particular group of muscles, blood vessels, and nerves
  • all tightly enclosed by fascia
30
Q

What is the network of fasciae that surrounds muscles?

A
  • deep fascia
  • is continuous with the subcutaneous fascia that lies beneath the skin
  • also is continuous with the subserous fascia that forms the CT layer of the serous membranes covering organs in various body cavities and lining those cavities
31
Q

What is a skeletal muscle fiber?

A
  • single muscle cell
  • each fiber forms from many undifferentiated cells that fuse during development
  • the result is a multinucleate muscle fiber that is thin, elongated and cylindrical with rounded ends that attach to the CT associated with the muscle
  • beneath the cell membrane (sarcolemma) the cytoplasm (sarcoplasm) of the fiber contains many small, oval nuclei and mitochondria
32
Q

What is contained within the sarcoplasm?

A
  • abundant long, parallel structures called myofibrils
33
Q

what does striation result from?

A
  • repeating pattern of units called sarcomeres (structural and functional unit of a myofibril)
  • the myofibrils are essentially sarcomeres joined end to end
  • muscles can be thought as a collection of sarcomeres and are the functional units of muscle contraction
34
Q

What are the 2 main parts of muscle striation?

A
  • I bands (the light bands)

- A bands (the dark bands)

35
Q

What are I bands composed of?

A
  • thin action filaments held by direct attachments to structures called Z lines which appear in the center of the I bands
36
Q

What do A bands consist of?

A
  • composed of thick myosin filaments overlapping thin actin filaments
  • also consist of a slightly lighter central region (H zone)
  • H zone consists of only thick filaments
  • also includes a thickening known as the M line that consists of proteins that help hold the thick filaments in place
  • the myosin filaments are held in place by the Z lines and are attached to them by a large protein called TITIN
37
Q

What does a sarcomere extend from?

A
  • from one Z line to the next
38
Q

What is myosin composed of?

A
  • two twisted protein strands with globular parts called heads that project outward along their lengths
39
Q

What is actin composed of?

A
  • consist of double strands of actin twisted into a helix

- actin molecules are globular, and each has a binding site to which the heads of a myosin molecule can attach

40
Q

What are the 2 regulatory proteins that are associated with actin filaments?

A
  • troponin and tropomyosin
41
Q

what do troponin molecules consist of?

A
  • has three protein subunits and are attached to actin
42
Q

What do tropomyosin molecules consist of?

A
  • are rod-shaped and occupy the longitudinal grooves of the actin helix
  • each tropomyosin is held in place by a troponin molecule, forming a troponin-tropomyosin complex
43
Q

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • a membranous network of channels and tubules in a muscle fiber, corresponding to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of other cells
44
Q

What are transverse tubules?

A
  • a set of membranous channels (T tubules) that extend into the sarcoplasm as invaginations continuous with the sarcolemma and contains extracellular fluid
  • lies between two enlarged portions of the sarcoplasmic reticulum called cistern
45
Q

What is cisternae?

A
  • enlarged portion of the sarcoplasmic reticulum near the actin and myosin filaments of a muscle fiber
46
Q

what do the sarcoplasmic reticulum, T tubules and cisternae form?

A
  • a triad near the region where the actin and myosin filaments overlap
47
Q

what do the sarcoplasmic reticulum and T tubules participate in?

A
  • activating muscle contraction once a muscle fiber receives stimulation via a nerve impulse

Biology anatomy/physiology (27 decks)

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