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Biology anatomy/physiology > CH 10 REVIEW QUESTIONS > Flashcards

CH 10 REVIEW QUESTIONS Flashcards

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1
Q

List functions of the nervous system

A
  • built to send and receive info

- sensory input, integration processing (decision making) and motor output are 3 main aspects of the nervous system

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2
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A
  • molecules that communicate signals thru the neuron
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3
Q

What are neuroglia?

A
  • provide protection, support, insulation and nutrients for neurons
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3
Q

What are neuroglia?

A
  • provide protection, support, insulation and nutrients for neurons
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4
Q

What is the main structure of the nervous system?

A
  • CNS (brain + spinal cord)

- PNS (spinal + cranial nerves)

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5
Q

What are subdivisions of the PNS?

A
  • afferent (sensory)

- efferent (motor)

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5
Q

What are subdivisions of the PNS?

A
  • afferent (sensory)

- efferent (motor)

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6
Q

What are ganglia?

A
  • located in the PNS

- clusters of neuron cell bodies located outside the brain and spinal cord

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6
Q

What are ganglia?

A
  • located in the PNS

- clusters of neuron cell bodies located outside the brain and spinal cord

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7
Q

What is the function of the sensory (afferent) division of the PNS?

A
  • converts info into impulses, which are conducted along the peripheral nerves to the CNS
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8
Q

What is the function of the motor (efferent) division?

A
  • neurons that conduct impulses from the CNS to responsive structures called EFFECTORS carry out the motor functions of the nervous system
  • these effects include muscles + glands and are mainly controlled by nerve activity
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9
Q

What 2 divisions can the motor portion of the PNS be divided into?

A
  • somatic (voluntary)

- autonomic (involuntary)

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10
Q

What are 2 types of neural tissue?

A
  • neurons that communicate electrical impulses

- neuroglia that protect, insulate, and nourish neurons

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11
Q

What 3 features do neurons share?

A
  • cell body
  • dendrites
  • axons
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12
Q

What is the structure + function of the cell body?

A
  • contains granular cytoplasm, mitochondria, lysosomes, a Golgi apparatus, and many microtubules
  • contains network of fine threads called neurofilaments that extend into axon and support it
  • contains membranous packets of NSSL bodies (chromatophilic substance) that consists of R.E.R
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12
Q

What is the structure + function of the cell body?

A
  • contains granular cytoplasm, mitochondria, lysosomes, a Golgi apparatus, and many microtubules
  • contains network of fine threads called neurofilaments that extend into axon and support it
  • contains membranous packets of NSSL bodies (chromatophilic substance) that consists of R.E.R
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13
Q

What is the structure + function of dendrites?

A
  • provide receptive surfaces which processes impulses from other neurons
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14
Q

What is the structure + function of axons?

A
  • contains collaterals, axon hillock, synaptic cleft, and an axon terminal
  • conducts impulses, conveys biochemicals and organelles, in a process called AXONAL TRANSPORTS, which is movement that occurs in both directions between the cell body and ends of axons
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15
Q

What is the structure + function of Schwann cells?

A
  • located in the PNS
  • type of neuroglia
  • encase large axons in lipid-rich sheath and are composed of myelin layers (myelin sheath)
  • neurilemma surrounds the myelin sheath and contains most of the cytoplasm and nuclei
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16
Q

What are characteristics of myelinated axons?

A
  • impulses travel faster by leaping from the nodes of ranvier
  • appear white underneath a microscope
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17
Q

What are characteristics of myelinated axons?

A
  • impulses travel faster by leaping from the nodes of ranvier
  • appear white underneath a microscope
  • in the CNS myelin is produced by oligodendrocytes rather than Schwann cells, and do not have a neurilemma
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18
Q

What is the structure of multipolar neurons?

A
  • has many processes arising from cell body; only one is an axon
  • most neurons within the brain + spinal cord are this type
  • some multipolar neurons are in ganglia associated with the autonomic nervous system
  • others are found in specialized portions of the eyes
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19
Q

What is the structure of bipolar neurons?

A
  • has only 2 processes, one arising from either end
  • one is an axon, there other is a dendrite
  • found in specialized parts of the eyes, nose, and ears
20
Q

What is the structure of unipolar neurons

A
  • has single process extending from cell body
  • divides into 2 branches that function as a single axon
  • one brain has dendrites near a peripheral body part
  • the other branch enters the brain or spinal cord
  • most are found in ganglia
21
Q

What is the structure/function of sensory neurons?

A
  • conduct impulses from peripheral body parts into the brain + spinal cord
  • distal ends sense change
  • when sufficiently stimulated, they trigger impulses that travel on sensory neuron axons into the brain or spinal cord
  • most are unipolar
22
Q

What is the structure + function of interneurons?

A
  • brain + spinal cord
  • multipolar and form links with other interneurons and relay info from one part of the brain + spinal cord to another
  • transfer info across brain for processing + interpreting, whilst other info is sent to motor neurons
  • aggregate in specialized masses called nuclei
23
Q

What is the structure + function of motor neurons?

A
  • multipolar + conduct impulses out of the brain or spinal cord to effectors
24
Q

What are the 4 types of CNS neuroglia?

A
  • astrocytes
  • oligodendrocytes
  • micoglia
  • ependyma
25
Q

What is the structure + function of astrocytes?

A
  • provide structural support
  • formation of scar tissue
  • transport of substance between blood vessels and neurons
  • communicate with one another and with neurons
  • mop up excess ions and NTs
  • induce synapse formation
26
Q

How do astrocytes help repair injured neural tissue?

A
  • form a special type of scar tissue, which fills spaces and closes gaps in the CNS
27
Q

What is the structure + function of oligodendrocytes?

A
  • form myelin sheaths in the brain + spinal cord

- produce nerve growth factors

28
Q

What is the structure + function of microglia?

A
  • provide structural support

- phagocytosis (immune protection)

29
Q

What is the structure + function of ependyma?

A
  • form a porous layer thru which substances diffuse between interstitial fluid of the brain + spinal cord and the cerebrospinal fluid
30
Q

What are the neuroglia of the PNS?

A
  • Schwann cells

- Satellite cells

31
Q

What is the function of Schwann cells?

A
  • produce the myelin on peripheral myelinated neurons
32
Q

What is the function of satellite cells?

A
  • provide nutritional support + help regulate the concentrations of ions around neuron cell bodies within ganglia
33
Q

How do axons regenerate?

A
  • damaged PNS axons may regenerate
  • if disease or injury separates an axon in PNS nerve from its cell body, the distal portion of the axon + the myelin sheath deteriorate within a few weeks, but the Schwann cells + neurilemma remain
  • macrophages remove the fragments of myelin + other cellular debris
  • the proximal end of the injured axon develops sprouts shortly after the injury
  • influenced by nerve growth factors that nearby neuroglia secrete, one of these sprouts may grow into a tube formed by remaining Schwann cells
  • Schwann cells along the length of the regenerating portion form new myelin around the growing axon
34
Q

What is a membrane potential?

A
  • a charge that is inside of a cell that indicates that there is potential for charges to move across the cell membrane
35
Q

What is resting membrane potential?

A
  • 70 mv

- this is when a cell is at rest, or inactive

36
Q

What affect charges within the cell?

A
  • K+ ions that are usually in higher concentration on the inside of a neuron
  • the inside is usually negatively charged due to anions such as phosphate and sulfate that are impermeable to “leaky K+ channels”
  • sodium is in higher concentration outside the cell
37
Q

What manages the concentration gradient during RMP?

A
  • the K+ and Na+ ability to be excited and rapidly get back to rest
38
Q

How does permeability affect charges within a cell?

A
  • in a neuron, before the membrane potential is established, K+ ions diffuse out of the cell faster than Na+ ions diffuse
  • a net loss of positive charge from the cell results
  • the membrane potential, negative on the inside of the membrane, aids sodium diffusion into the cell, and opposes potassium diffusion out of the cell
  • as a result, slightly more Na+ ions enter the cell than K+ ions leave
  • The sodium/potassium pump balances these movements and maintains the concentrations of these ions, and the RMP
39
Q

What does the sodium/potassium pump do?

A
  • manages the concentration gradients within a cell

- for every 3 Na+ ions that enter a cell, 2 K+ move outside the cell

40
Q

How is action potential reached?

A
  • if Na+ or K+ channels open, more of that particular ion will cross the cell membrane, altering the RMP.
  • the channels open in response to a NT, that allows more Na+ into the cell, causing it to become more positive. (depolarization)
  • if the membrane potential reaches -55mv, it reaches an all or nothing threshold, and starts the action potential
41
Q

What is polarization?

A
  • the charges within a membrane are balanced
42
Q

What is a graded potential?

A
  • when a localized part of the membrane is triggered, ion channels open (typically sodium ions)
  • local area becomes depolarized (graded potential is produced) and spreads to adjacent areas of the membrane
  • usually graded potentials die out across the membrane
  • however, if the graded stimuli is strong enough, it can cause the membrane to reach -55 mv, and the voltage gated sodium channels open at the trigger zone
43
Q

What is action potential?

A
  • when voltage-gated sodium channels open @ the trigger zone, and the charge hits an all-or-nothing threshold and rapidly rises to +30 mv, beginning an action potential
  • starts with depolarization, because the inside + outside of the neuron now each possess a positive charge
  • after depolarization, there is a quick return that results in an “overshoot,” and brief hyperpolarization occurs, before the membrane repolarizes at the resting rate.
44
Q

How is a membrane re-polarized after an action potential?

A
  • thru sodium/potassium pumps
45
Q

What is a refractory period?

A
  • period following stimulation during which a neuron or muscle fiber will not respond to another threshold stimulus
  • has two parts called ABSOLUTE REFRACTORY PERIOD + RELATIVE REFRACTORY PERIOD
  • ensures that an action potential is conducted in only one direction, down the axon, because the area upstream where the action potential just occurred is still in refractory period
46
Q

What happens during absolute refractory period?

A
  • the axon’s voltage-gated sodium channels are temporarily not responsive at all, and the axon cannot be stimulated
47
Q

What happens during the relative refractory period?

A
  • RMP is re-established, and during this time, re-polarization is still incomplete, however a stimulus of higher than usual intensity may trigger an impulse
47
Q

What happens during the relative refractory period?

A
  • RMP is re-established, and during this time, re-polarization is still incomplete, however a stimulus of higher than usual intensity may trigger an impulse
48
Q

What is impulse conduction?

A
  • an action potential in one region stimulates the adjacent region, and the action potential is propagated along the axon
49
Q

What are the events leading to impulse conduction?

A
  • nerve cell maintains RMP by diffusion of Na+ and K+ down their concentration gradients as the cell pumps them up the gradients
  • neurons receive stimulation, causing local potential changes, which may sum to reach threshold
  • if threshold is reached, Na+ channels in the trigger zone of the axon open
  • sodium ions diffuse inward, depolarizing the membrane
  • potassium channels in the membrane open
  • potassium ions diffuse outward, depolarizing the membrane
  • the resulting action potential causes an electric current that stimulates adjacent portions of the membrane
  • the action potential propagates along the length of the axon
50
Q

How does impulse conduction differ in myelinated + unmyelinated axons?

A
  • unmyelinated neurons conduct impulses continuously down the entire surface of their axons
  • myelinated neurons conduct impulses by a process called SALTATORY CONDUCTION
  • action potentials only occur at the nodes of ranvier, which causes them to leap down the axon from node to nodes; this occurs more quickly than continuous propagation
51
Q

What is the presynaptic neuron?

A
  • the neuron before the synapse
52
Q

What is a postsynaptic neuron?

A

the neuron after the synapse

Biology anatomy/physiology (27 decks)

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