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Biology anatomy/physiology > INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM > Flashcards

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Flashcards

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1
Q

What type of membrane composes the skin?

A
  • cutaneous membrane
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2
Q

What are the two distinct layers of the skin?

A
  • epithelial tissue overly CT.

- The dermis that is made up of CT

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3
Q

What composes the epidermis?

A
  • Stratified squamous epithelium
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4
Q

What composes the dermis?

A
  • thicker than the epidermis
  • Is made up of CT containing collagen a, elastic fibers, and smooth muscle tissue, nervous tissue, and blood/lymphatic vessels
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5
Q

What anchors the epidermis to the dermis?

A

A basement membrane

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6
Q

Where is the hypo-dermis located?

A
  • beneath the dermis
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7
Q

What is the hypodermic composed of?

A
  • areolar + adipose CT that binds the skin o underlying organs
  • Collagen/elastic fibers of the subcutaneous layer are continuous with those of the dermis - and extend in all directions
  • Because of this, there are no distinct boundaries between dermis and the hypodermis
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8
Q

What does adipose do in the subcutaneous layer?

A

-acts to insulate to conserve body heat

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9
Q

What does the subcutaneous layer contain?

A
  • large blood vessels with branches forming a network between the dermis + subcutaneous layer
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10
Q

What are the functions of the skin?

A
  • protective barrier against harmful substances/ microorganisms
  • contains sensory receptors
  • Helps produce vitamin D
  • Helps regulate body temp
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11
Q

Where does mitosis occur in the epidermis?

A

In the deepest layer - stratum basal

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12
Q

What are keratinocytes?

A

epidermal cells

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13
Q

What happens when keratinocytes are pushed towards the surface?

A
  • The farther the cells move from the dermal bloods vessels, the poorer nutrients they receive, so they die
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14
Q

What’s keratinization?

A
  • The hardening of keratinocytes
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15
Q

What are the steps in keratinization?

A
  • The cytoplasm fills with strands of tough, fibrous, waterproof keratin proteins.
  • They layer and then form a protective non-nucleated outer skin barrier
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16
Q

What is the stratum basal?

A
  • Single row of rapidly dividing cells.

- Deepest layer in the epidermis

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17
Q

What is the stratum spinosum?

A
  • Many layers of cells with centrally located, large, oval nuclei and developing fibers of certain; cells becoming flattened
  • Some rare mitotic cycles may occur
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18
Q

What is the stratum granulosum?

A

Three-five layers of flattened granular cells that contain shrunken fibers of keratin and shriveled nuclei

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19
Q

What is the stratum lucidum?

A
  • only present in thick skin like the palms/soles

- cells appear clear; nuclei, organelles, and cell membranes are no longer visible

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20
Q

Stratum corneum

A
  • Many layers of keratinized, dead epithelial cells that are flattened and non-nucleated
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21
Q

What are the four layers of the epidermis from lowest to highest

A
  1. Stratum basale
  2. Stratum spinosum
  3. Stratum granulosum
  4. Stratum lucidum (only in THICK skin)
  5. Stratum corneum
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22
Q

What are the three things that determine skin pigment?

A
  1. hemoglobin: blood pigments in lighter skin can make it appear blue/pinkish
  2. Melanin: Pigment produced by melanocytes
  3. Carotene: organa-pinkish pigment from built up food
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23
Q

What three factors affect skin color?

A
  1. hereditary
  2. environmental
  3. physiological
24
Q

How does hereditary factors affect skin color?

A
  • all people have the same # of melanocytes but vary in amount of melanin produced
  • Varying distribution + size of melanin granules
25
Q

How does environmental factors affect skin color?

A
  • Oxygenation in blood of dermal vessels
  • vasodilation/vasoconstriction of blood vessels
  • accumulation of carotene pigment from diet
  • diseases such as jaundice
26
Q

What are dendritic cells?

A
  • Are in the stratum spinosum
  • act to protect skin and deeper tissues from pathogen invasion
  • engulf microbes within the skin
27
Q

What are tactile cells?

A
  • scattered among the stratum basale are oval-shaped tactile cells.
  • Corresponds with sensory nerve ending
  • respond to light touch
28
Q

What are melanocytes?

A
  • specialized cells in the epidermis
  • Produce the pigment melanin from the amino acid tyrosine in organelles called melanosomes
  • Prevents mutations of DNA
29
Q

What are dermal papillae?

A
  • ridges that project separate the epidermis and the dermis

- increase the surface area where epidermal cells receive oxygen/nutrients from dermal capillaries

30
Q

Where are dermal papillae most abundant?

A
  • hands/feet.

- leaves fingerprints and is used for grasping

31
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis?

A
  • the papillary layer

- The reticular layer

32
Q

What is the papillary layer of the dermis composed of?

A
  • composed of areolar CT
33
Q

What is the reticular layer of the dermis composed of?

A
  • composed of dense irregular CT that consists of tough collagen fibers, and elastic fibers in a gel-like substance.
34
Q

What are the structures within the dermis?

A
  • contains smooth muscle fibers
  • blood vessels that supply the skin and motor nerve cell processes
  • sensory receptors, and accessory structures such as nails, hair follicles, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands
35
Q

What are lines of cleavage?

A
  • lines deep in the dermis formed by orientation of collagen bundles
  • incisions across these lines heal more slowly
  • incisions along these lines heal quickly
36
Q

What are pacinian touch receptors?

A
  • sensitive to heavy pressure
37
Q

What are Meisner’s touch receptors?

A
  • sensitive to light touch
38
Q

What are nociceptors?

A
  • detect tissue damage
  • control blood flow
  • control glandular secretions
39
Q

What is the hypodermic?

A
  • subcutaneous layer
  • areolar + adipose CT
  • protects underlying structures
  • stores energy
  • thermal insulation
40
Q

What are accessory structures?

A
  • hair follicles
  • nails
  • skin glands
41
Q

What are the 3 parts of the nail?

A
  • Nail plate
  • Nail bed
  • Lunula (the half crescent)
42
Q

What are the functions of hair?

A
  • protection
  • heat retention
  • facial expression
  • sensory reception
  • visual identification
  • chemical signal dispersal
43
Q

What produces the nail bed?

A
  • epithelial cells with continuous deeper layers extending into the epidermis of the skin to produce the nail bed
44
Q

What’s the nail matrix?

A
  • most active growing region.

- cells divid and newly formed cells become heavily keratinized

45
Q

Where are hair follicles present?

A
  • on all skin surfaces except the palms, soles, lips, nipples and parts of the external reproductive organs
46
Q

What is a hair follicle

A
  • a group of epidermal stem cells at the base of a tubelike depression
47
Q

What are the 3 parts of hair?

A
  • hair bulb (dividing cells)
  • hair root
  • hair shaft (dead epidermal cells)
48
Q

What nourishes hair cells?

A
  • the epithelial cells are nourished by dermal blood vessels in a projection of connective tissue called the hair papilla
49
Q

What muscle causes goose bumps?

A

Arrector pili

50
Q

What are the four exocrine skin glands?

A
  1. Sebaceous
  2. sudorferous (sweat)
  3. mammary
  4. ceruminous
51
Q

What are the general characteristics of sebaceous glands?

A
  • contains groups of specialized epithelial cells and are usually associated with hair follicles
  • they are holocrine glands (they shed the entire cell)
52
Q

What is sebum?

A
  • globules of a fatty material that accumulate, swelling and bursting the cell
  • acne <3
  • secreted into hair follicles thru short ducts and keeps the skin soft, pliable and waterproof
53
Q

What are the general characteristics of sweat glands?

A
  • also called sudoriferous glands
  • widespread on skin
  • respond throughout life to body temps elevated by environmental heat or physical exercise
54
Q

What are merocrine sweat glands?

A
  • sweat glands that are abundant on the forehead, neck, and back. They produce sweat on hot days or during exercise.
55
Q

What are apocrine sweat glands?

A
  • secrete thru ducts to hair follicles, are most numerous in axillary region + groin area
  • responds to emotional distress
  • develops odor
  • secrete by exocytosis
56
Q

What are ceruminous glands?

A
  • these secrete ear wax
57
Q

What are mammary glands?

A
  • they secrete milk lol

Biology anatomy/physiology (27 decks)

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