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Biology anatomy/physiology > Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the function of connective tissue?

A
  • comprises much of the body and is the most abundant type of tissue by weight
  • Binds structures
  • Provides support and protection
  • Serves as frameworks
  • fills spaces
  • Stores fat
  • Produces blood cells
  • Protects against infection and repairs tissue damage
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2
Q

What are the general characteristics of connective tissue?

A
  • Cells are farther apart and have an abundant extracellular matrix between them
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3
Q

What is an extracellular matrix?

A
  • Is composed of protein fibers and a ground substance consisting of nonferrous protein and other molecules and fluid
  • Binds supports, and provides a medium thru with substances may be transferred between blood and cells of tissue
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4
Q

What’s the consistency of the extracellular matrix?

A

Varies from fluid/semisolid to solid

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5
Q

What are the major cell types in CT?

A
  • Fibroblasts
  • Macrophages
  • Mast cells
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6
Q

What are the general characteristics of fibroblasts?

A
  • The most common type of fixed cells in CT.
  • Large/star-shaped cells
  • Produce fibers by secreting proteins into the extracellular matrix
  • Respond rapidly to injury by increasing # of fiber production
  • Help repair tissue
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7
Q

What are the general characteristics of macrophages?

A
  • Histiocytes
  • Usually attached to fibers but can detach and actively move about
  • Specialized to carry on phagocytosis (the exocytosis of large particles/viruses/microorganisms_
  • Clear foreign particles from tissues, provides defense against infection
  • Plays role in immunity
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8
Q

What are the general characteristics of mast cells?

A
  • Widely distributed in CT
  • Usually are near blood vessels
  • Derived from white blood cells
  • Release heparin (compound that prevents blood clotting)
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9
Q

Which cell releases histamine?

A
  • Mast cells release histamine.
  • Stimulates inflammation by dilating the small arterioles that feed the capillaries
  • Is inhospitable to infections, bacteria and viruses
  • also dilutes toxins
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10
Q

WHAT ARE THE SIX COMPONENTS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE?!

A 
CELLULAR: 
- Fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells
EXTRACELLULAR:
- Collagen, elastic, reticular fibers
- Ground substance
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11
Q

What is the function of Collagen fibers?

A
  • Thick, threadlike structures
  • The body’s main structural protein
  • Great tensile strength; slightly elastic
  • Found in ligaments and tendons
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12
Q

What is the function of Elastic fibers?

A
  • Bundles of microfibrils embedded in elastin
  • Provides elastic quality to parts that stretch
  • Not as strong as collagen fibers
  • Found in vocal cords, respiratory air passages
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13
Q

What is the function of reticular fibers?

A
  • Thin fibers of collagen
  • Forms delicate supportive networks within tissues
  • Found in the spleen/liver
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14
Q

What is the function of ground substance?

A
  • nonfibrous protein and other molecules, and varying amounts of fluid
  • Fills spaces around cells and fibers
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15
Q

WHAT ARE THE TWO MAJOR CATEGORIES OF CT?

A
  • Ct proper

- Specialized CT

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16
Q

What is CT proper?

A
  • Includes loose CT tissue
    (Areolar, adipose, reticular)
  • and DENSE CT
    (Dense regular, irregular, and elastic)
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17
Q

What are the general characteristics of dense CT? and loose CT?

A 
Dense CT:
- Contains abundant collagen fibers
- Appears white
Loose CT:
- Has fewer collagen fibers
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18
Q

General characteristics of Areolar CT

A
  • Forms delicate, thin membranes thru-out the body
  • Mainly fibroblasts that are located some distance apart and are separated by a gel-like ground substance that contains collagen and elastic fibers
  • binds skin to underlying organs
  • Beneath most epithelium layers/nourishes blood vessels near epithelial cells
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19
Q

General characteristics of adipose

A
  • adipocytes store fat
  • push their nuclei to one side
  • crowd out other cell types
  • protects/cushions/insulates
  • Beneath skin
  • Behind eyeballs
  • Around kidney/heart
  • spaces between muscles
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20
Q

Two types of adipose tissue

A

White adipocytes:

  • store nutrients for nearby cells to use in production of energy
  • Brown fats have many mitochondria that can break down nutrients to generate heat to warm the body.
21
Q

What are the general characteristics of Reticular CT?

A
  • composed of thin reticular fibers in a 3D network.

- Provides the framework of certain internal organs such as the liver/spleen

22
Q

What are the general characteristics of dense CT?

A
  • Densely packed collagenous fibers; a fine network of elastic fibers; and few cells, mostly fibroblasts
  • Very strong/withstand pulling forces
  • Binds body parts together
  • Tendons/ligaments/dermis
  • POOR BLOOD SUPPLY; slow to heal
23
Q

What are the general characteristics of dense irregular CT?

A
  • are thicker, interwove, and more randomly distributed than fibers of dense regular CT.
  • Allow tissue to sustain tension exerted from many different directions.
  • Dermis of skin
  • around skeletal muscles
  • (periosteum, which covers the bones)
  • (Within the perichondrium - which covers cartilage; in some capsules of some organs)
24
Q

What are the general characteristics of elastic CT?

A
  • Abundant yellow elastic fibers in parallel strands or branching networks
  • Between the fibers are collagen/fibroblasts
  • Found in the attachments between bones of the spinal column
  • Walls of hollow organs, arteries, and airways
  • elastic quality
25
Q

What are specialized CT?

A
  • include cartilage, bone and blood

- Each have unique extracellular matrix with highly specialized cells not found in other CT

26
Q

What are the general characteristics of cartilage?

A
  • A rigid, specialized CT
  • Support, frameworks, and attachments; protects underlying tissues
  • Forms structural models for many developing bones
  • Extracellular matrix is abundant and largely composed of collagen fibers embedded in a gel-like ground substance
27
Q

What is a chondrocytes?

A
  • Cartilage cells

- occupy small chambers called lacunae and lie completely within the extracellular matrix

28
Q

What is perichondrium?

A
  • Cartilage structure is enclosed in perichondrium (a CT covering)
  • Blood vessels surround the perichondrium and obtain nutrients from the vessels via diffusion
29
Q

What are the general characteristics of hyaline cartilage?

A
  • Fine collagen fibers
  • is the most common type of cartilage
  • found at the ends of bones and in many joints
  • In the soft part of the nose, and the supporting rings of the respiratory passages
  • Protects, supports, and provides framework for the development of bones
30
Q

What are the general characteristics of elastic cartilage?

A
  • flexible due to elastic fibers in the matrix
  • located in the external ear, and the larynx
  • provides framework for the ears, and the parts of the larynx
31
Q

What are the general Characteristics of fibrocartilage?

A
  • very tough tissue due to many collagenous fibers
  • shock absorber for structures subjected to pressure
  • cushions the knees and the pelvic girdle
  • is also located in the intervertebral discs)
32
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A
  • hyaline
  • elastic
  • fibrocartilage
33
Q

What are the general characteristics of bone?

A
  • most rigid CT

- Hardens due to large amounts of mineral salts such as calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate between cells

34
Q

What is the function of bone?

A
  • supports the body structures
  • Protects vital structures in the cranial/thoracic cavities and is the attachment for muscles
  • Contains red marrow, which forms blood cells
  • Stores and releases inorganic chemicals such as calcium and phosphorus
35
Q

What are the two types of bone tissue?

A
  • compact

- spongy

36
Q

What are the main characteristics of bone (osseous) CT?

A
  • most rigid tissue
  • solid matrix composed ot calcium and collagen
  • supports structures
  • produces blood cells
  • Contains osteocytes in lacunae
37
Q

Characteristics of compact bone?

A
  • cells are called osteoblasts
  • deposit bony matrix in thin layers called lamellae
  • Forms concentric patterns around tubes called central, or Haversian canals (which contain blood vessels)
38
Q

What are the functions of blood CT?

A
  • composed of formed elements suspended in a fluid extracellular matrix called PLASMA
  • formed elements include: red/white bloods cells, and cellular fragments called platelets
39
Q

What are the functions of the formed elements within blood?

A

Red blood cells: transport gases
White blood cells: fight infections
platelets: involved in blood clotting

40
Q

WHAT ARE THE SIX TYPES OF CT PROPER?

A
  • areolar CT
  • adipose CT
  • reticular CT
  • dense regular CT
  • dense irregular CT
  • Elastic CT
41
Q

WHAT ARE THE FIVE TYPES OF SPECIALIZED CT?

A
  • hyaline cartilage
  • elastic cartilage
  • fibrocartilage
  • blood
  • bone
42
Q

What are membranes?

A

Membranes are sheets of cells

43
Q

What are epithelial membranes?

A
  • Are thin structures that are composed of epithelium and underlying CT
  • Cover body surfaces and line cavities
44
Q

What are the 3 major types of epithelial membranes?

A
  • serous
  • mucus
  • cutaneous
45
Q

What are the functions of serous membrane?

A
  • line body cavities that do not open to outside of body
  • inner lining of thorax, abdomen, and covers organs
  • consists of a layer of simple squamous epithelium + a thin layer of areolar CT
  • secrete serous fluid for lubrication
46
Q

What are the functions of the mucus membrane?

A
  • lines cavities/tubes that open to the outside of the body
  • lining of digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts
  • consists of epithelium laying over a layer of areolar CT
  • goblet cells within mucus membrane secrete mucus
47
Q

What are the functions of the cutaneous membrane?

A
  • skin

- part of the integumary system

48
Q

What are the functions of the synovial membrane?

A
  • different from epithelial membrane
  • composed entirely of CT
  • lines joint cavities

Biology anatomy/physiology (27 decks)

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