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Human Physiology > Muscular System > Flashcards

Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

Muscle

A

Muscle fibers (cells), connective tissue, nerves, blood supply

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2
Q

Fascicle

A

Bundles of fibers surrounded by connective tissue

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3
Q

Tendon

A

Connective tissue that extends beyond fascicles and holds muscle to bone

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4
Q

Muscle fibers

A

Cells

-contain multiple nuclei and mitochondria

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5
Q

T tubules

A

Transmission of action potential

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6
Q

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

A

Calcium storage

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7
Q

Myofibrils

A

Contractile unit inside muscle fibers

-Contain sarcomeres

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8
Q

What do sarcomeres do during contraction?

A

Shorten in response to stimulation

-From z disk to z disk

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9
Q

Actin

A

Thin filaments

-Nebulin anchors

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10
Q

Myosin

A

Thick filaments

-Titin anchors

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11
Q

A bands (anisotropic)

A

Dark bands composed of overlapping actin and myosin

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12
Q

H band

A

Center of A band

-myosin only

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13
Q

M band

A

Center line of H band

-Myomesin and myosin

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14
Q

I bands (isotropic)

A

Light bands composed of actin

-Z disk is found in center of each I band

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15
Q

Myosin Molecule

A

Dimer of golf clubs

-200-300 myosin molecules per thick filament

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16
Q

Heavy Meromyosin

A

Globular heads with short tails

-S1 and S2 domains

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17
Q

S1 domain

A

the globular head binds ATP and forms crossbridge

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18
Q

S2 domain

A

Proximal portion of tail

-Movement of myosin heads

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19
Q

Light Meromyosin

A

Myosin tails that assemble myosin into the thick filament

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20
Q

Actin Myofilaments

A

2 strands of F actin composed of individual monomers of G actin molecules

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21
Q

G actin molecules

A

Binding site for the S1 domain of myosin

22
Q

Tropomyosin

A

2 strands follow the grooves of F actin and cover the S1 binding sites of the G actin so myosin cannot bind

23
Q

Troponin

A

Single molecule found near the beginning of the tropomyosin molecule

24
Q

TnT

A

Binds to tropomyosin

25
Q

TnC

A

Binds to Ca

26
Q

TnI

A

Binds to actin

27
Q

Alpha actinin

A

Anchors the thin filament to the z line

28
Q

Desmin and Vimenten

A

Intermediate filaments that anchor to neighboring z lines of myofibrils to keep them aligned

29
Q

Dystrophin

A

One of many proteins that anchor myofibrils to the sarcolemma
-Via actin binding

30
Q

Summation

A

Interval of time b/w action potentials is shortened so muscle fibers can’t relax b/w 2 stimuli
-Results in more forceful contraction

31
Q

How to increase force of contraction in a single muscle fiber

A
  • Increase frequency of of action potentials

- Summation

32
Q

Tetanus

A

Maximum contraction caused by repeated stimulation of muscle fibers at short intervals

33
Q

Isotonic

A

Movement of the body

34
Q

Isometric

A

No net movement (maintaining balance)

35
Q

Sliding Filament Theory

A

Movement of actin and myosin fibers past one another shortens sarcomere
-A band remains the same, I and H bands shorten

36
Q

Excitation-Contraction (EC) Coupling

A
  • DHP receptors in t tubules respond to voltage change

- This opens RyR channels which release Ca into cytoplasm

37
Q

1 Cycle of contraction-relaxation cycle

A

1 muscle twitch
-Myosin binds to actin
-Powerstroke shortens sarcomere
Myosin releases actin after loss of stimulus

38
Q

Motor Unit

A
  • Smallest functional unit of contraction

- Motor neuron and all the fibers it activates

39
Q

Factors that affect muscle tension (3)

A
  1. Number of muscle cells per motor unit (More=stronger and less control)
  2. Number of active motor units (muscle tone)
  3. Frequency of stimulation
40
Q

Myogram

A

Recording of muscle activity that shows relationship b/w stimulus and twitch

41
Q

Latent Period

A

Lag time b/w stimulation and start of contraction due to Ca release

42
Q

Tetanus

A

Prolonged stimulation that results in no relaxation period

43
Q

Muscle Energy Source 10 sec

A

ATP–>ADP + P

44
Q

Energy Source 30 sec

A

ADP and creatine-p become ATP and creatine via creatine kinase

45
Q

Energy Source 3-5 min

A

Glycogen
Glucose makes 2 ATP
Anaerobic

46
Q

Energy Source Long Term

A

Glucose and fatty acids converted to ATP

Aerobic

47
Q

Type 1 Muscle Fibers

A

Slow Twitch

  • slower contractions (breaks down ATP slowly and takes back Ca slowly)
  • ATP via anaerobic respiration
  • Rich in myoglobin
  • Darker
  • High endurance
48
Q

Type 2 Muscle Fibers

A
  • Faster contractions (break down ATP quickly and takes back Ca quickly)
  • ATP via glycoloysis
  • Lighter color
49
Q

Oxidative Glycolytic Muscle Fibers (2A)

A

-Medium endurance (standing, walking)

50
Q

Glycolytic Muscle Fibers (2X)

A

-Least endurance (sprinting, eye movements)

Human Physiology (14 decks)

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