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Human Physiology > Ch 16 Blood > Flashcards

Ch 16 Blood Flashcards

1
Q

3 functions of blood

A
  1. Transport O2, CO2, nutrients, wastes, hormones
  2. Regulation of temp, ph, H2O volume
  3. Defense: clotting and immune cells
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2
Q

How much of body weight is blood

A

8%

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3
Q

Constituents of blood

A

Formed elements (45% of blood vol)
-RBC, WBC, Platelets
Plasma (55%)

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4
Q

Hematocrit

A

Measure of RBSs and oxygen carrying ability
-athletes > 50%
Low hematocrit=anemia

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5
Q

Plasma

A

Matrix of blood tissues (liquids and dissolved solutes)

  • Proteins make up 7-9% of plasma
  • Albumin 70% of human plasma
  • Globulins
  • Fibrinogen
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6
Q

WBC %’s

A 
Neutrophils 54-62%
Lymphocytes 25-33%
Monocytes 3-9%
Eosinophyls 1-3%
Basophyls <1%
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7
Q

Human Serum Albumin

A

70% of plasma

  • protein that regulates blood vol by maintaining osmotic pressure
  • carriers for molecules of low wave solubility (lipid soluble hormones, bile salts, bilirubin, free fatty acids, Ca, iron, some drugs)
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8
Q

Globulins (alpha and beta)

A

a heterogenous series of proteins

  • larger molecules and less soluble than albumin
  • gamma globulins
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9
Q

Gamma globulins

A

antibodies produced by lymphocytes

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10
Q

Fibrinogen

A

Precursor for fibrin

-soluble plasma glycoprotein synthesized by liver

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11
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

All blood arise from stem cells in the bone marrow
1/2 of bone marrow is red (produces blood cells) and 1/2 of that is in pelvis
-yellow marrow has fat

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12
Q

RBC production

A

Regulated by kidneys (sense O2 availability)

-If low O2 kidneys secrete erythropoietin (cease production if low O2)

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13
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Secreted by kidneys

-Stimulates bone marrow to produce RBCs

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14
Q

Erythroblasts

A

Immature RBCs

-no hemoglobin

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15
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Mature RBCs

  • expel nucleus or other organelles
  • body makes >2 mil/sec
  • Life span only 120 days
  • Hemoglobin is 97% of cell’s dry contents
  • Highly flexible and squeeze through capillaries
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16
Q

WBC Production

A

Stimulated by injury or infection

-Activation of WBCs stimulates production in bone marrow and stimulates release of stored WBCs in spleen

17
Q

Platelets

A

aka Thrombocytes

  • Help in forming platelet plug
  • secrete materials needed to heal blood vessels
  • 5-9 day lifespan
  • destroyed in spleen
18
Q

Leukocytes

A
  • can be granular (vesicles visible) or agranular (no visible vesicles)
  • Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes
19
Q

Hemoglobin structure

A

4 globular protein subunits

  • 4 heme groups w/ iron held in a prophyrin ring
  • Iron is site of oxygen binding
20
Q

How much O2 in 1 hemoglobin?

A

4

21
Q

How are RBCs removed by the spleen?

A

Squeeze b/w sinusoids that typically clean the RBCs of debris
-Older cells destroyed and removed by phagocytic cells (macrophages)

22
Q

Removal of RBCs in liver

A 
Kuppfer cells (specialized macrophages)
-Destruction of RBCs releases hemoglobin which gets broken down into heme and amino acids
23
Q

What does the spleen do to heme?

A

Macrophages of the spleen convert heme into unconjugated bilirubin (not water soluble)
-gets bound to albumin and sent to liver

24
Q

Bilirubin in liver

A
  • Bilirubin is conjugated w/ glucuronic acid (water soluble)
  • most is transported to bile and out small intestine
  • some is metabolized to stercobilin in large intestine
  • some of the precursor, urobilinogen is reabsorbed and excreted in urine
25
Q

What does free iron bind to?

A

Transferrin in plasma

  • Transferrin transports iron to bone marrow
  • Extra iron gets stored in liver and heart
26
Q

H antigen

A

Carbs linked mainly to Band3 protein, the anion exchange protein of the red cell membrane

  • present in type O cells
  • Precursor to A and B antigen
  • Carb sequence
27
Q

Extra N-acetyl-galactosamine

A

Type A cell antigen

28
Q

extra alpha-galactose

A

Type B cell antigen

29
Q

Serum antibodies

A

Antibodies to the antigen you don’t have

  • Anti-A and Anti-B
  • Appear in first years of life
30
Q

Possible mechanisms of antibodies

A
  1. created in response to exposure from similar environmental/food antigens
  2. “Light in Dark Theory” viruses take part of membrane from one host and carry them to other hosts where they elicit an immune response
31
Q

Agglutination Reactions

A

How to tell blood type

  • IgGs binding to blood antigens crosslink blood cells to form large aggregate of cells
  • Signals incompatibility
32
Q

Major crossmatch

A

Comparison of donor erythrocytes to recipient serum

-checking antibodies in recipient

33
Q

Blood type Rh Factor

A

5 main Rhesus antigens (C, c, D, E, e)

  • Rh factor refer to RhD antigen only
  • Antibodies only developed against the Rh factor through placental sensitization
34
Q

RhD pos

A

Has RhD antigen

-RhD neg: does not have the antigen

35
Q

Hemolytic Disease of Newborn

A

aka Erythroblastosis fetalis

  • IgG antibodies produced by mother (Rh-) attack the RBCs in the fetal circulation (Rh+)
  • Must have had earlier pregnancy w/ Rh+ fetus to develop antibodies
36
Q

Rhogam

A

Antibody to Rh+ antigen

-binding any fetal RBCs w/ the D antigen before the mother is able to produce an immune response and form and anti-D IgG

37
Q

Transfusion Compatibility

A

Can receive blood for which you have no antibodies
-Does not consider possible reactions of anti-A and anti-B antibodies in donor blood to recipient of RBCs (b/c small vol of plasma is transfused)

38
Q

Plasma Transfusion

A

Opposite reaction from blood transfusion b/c plasma contains antibodies
-O can only receive O and AB can be given to anyone

Human Physiology (14 decks)

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