Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Animal Science > Muscular System > Flashcards

Muscular System Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 3 results of movement created by muscles?

A
  1. Muscles pull bones to initiate movement in the joints
  2. Muscles pull on soft tissue in the face to create expressions
  3. Respiratory muscle movements causes breathing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How do muscles relate to blood circulation?

A

Cardiac muscle helps to pump blood into and out of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the benefit of muscles generating heat?

A

Heat is a waste produce of muscles that helps maintain an internal body temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the benefit of muscles aiding in support?

A

Muscles on the body wall help support the internal organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

In what way do muscles protect?

A

They cushion internal organs from exterior forces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is myology?

A

Study of the structure, arrangement, and action of muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the three types of muscles?

A

Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the structure of skeletal muscle?

A

Striated (having lines), tubular, and multinucleated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What type of control are skeletal muscles under?

A

Voluntary control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where are skeletal muscles usually attached?

A

To the bone via tendons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where are skeletal muscles typically found?

A

Throughout the body, making up most of the muscle in it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the structure of smooth muscle?

A

Non-striated (no lines), spindle-shaped, single nucleated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What type of control are smooth muscles under?

A

Involuntary control, controlled by the autonomic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where are smooth muscles found?

A

Blood vessels, digestive tracts, respiratory tissue, reproductive tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the structure of cardiac muscle?

A

Striated (lines), branched, single nucleated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What kind of control are cardiac muscles under?

A

Involuntary control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where is cardiac muscle found?

A

Only in the heart where it’s found significantly in the walls of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is muscle contraction?

A

The tightening, shortening, or lengthening of muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is muscle relaxation?

A

The passive process of returning to a resting state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How are muscle fibers arranged?

A

In bundles surrounded by fibrous connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is endomysium?

A

The thin layer of connective tissue covering individual muscle fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the sarcolemma?

A

The cell membrane of the muscle fiber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the perimysium/muscle fascicle?

A

The connective tissue surrounding bundles of muscle fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the epimysium/deep fascia?

A

The connective tissue surrounding an entire muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the muscle origin in the limbs?

A

The more proximal attachment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the muscle insertion in the limbs?

A

The more distal attachment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the muscle origin in non-limbs?

A

The less mobile attachment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the muscle insertion in non-limbs?

A

The more moveable attachment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What does it mean when a muscle has heads?

A

When a muscle has more than one origin but one insertion, the divisions are called heads

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is a flexor?

A

A muscle on the side of a joint that bends

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is an extensor?

A

A muscle on the side of the joint hat extends (increases the joint angle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is an adductor?

A

A muscle that pulls a limb toward the medial plane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is an abductor?

A

A muscle that pulls a limb away from the medial plane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is a sphincter?

A

A muscle that encircles an opening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are cutaneous muscles?

A

Muscles found in the superficial fascia, which is between the skin and the epimysium covering the skeletal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are the synovial structures of the body and what do they consist of?

A

Joint capsules, bursae (closed sac), and synovial (tendon) sheaths

The inner layer of each has a connective tissue membrane that secretes synovial fluid to reduce friction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are extrinsic muscles in the thoracic limb?

A

Muscles that have one attachment to the neck/trunk and one attachment to the appendicular skeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

How are pelvic limbs attached to the axial skeleton

A

By a synovial ball and socket joint known as the coxofemoral, or hip, joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What type of movement do joints primarily allow below the hip joint?

A

Flexion and extension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are muscles of mastication?

A

Muscles that have one attachment to the mandible and move the jaw to create chewing motions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are mimetic muscles?

A

Muscles that move the skin and appendages on the face to produce facial expressions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What are extraocular muscles?

A

Striated muscles that attach to the eye and move it in many directions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is delgutition?

A

The sensation of swallowing, which involves muscles associated with the pharynx and soft palate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is phonation?

A

The sensation of vocalizing, which involves muscles associated with the pharynx and soft palate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What are the functions of muscles around the pharynx?

A

To lift or depress the palate and to constrict or dilate the pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What are the four groups of muscles in the trunk and neck?

A
  1. Extensors of the vertebral column
  2. Flexors of the vertebral column
  3. Abdominal muscles
  4. Respiratory muscles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What are muscles cells specialized to do?

A

Contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is the smallest contractile unit of the muscle?

A

Sarcomere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What is the interior of a muscle fiber filled with?

A

Myofibrils, which are bundles of long protein strands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What fills the space between myofibrils?

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum, a network of smooth ER, and T tubules, tubular invaginations of sarcolemma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What surrounds individual muscle fibers?

A

Endomysium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What surrounds bundles of muscle fibers?

A

Perimysium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What surrounds everything in the muscle and holds it all in place?

A

Epimysium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What is the sarcolemma?

A

The outer cell matrix/membrane of the muscle fiber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What do multiple nuclei right below the sarcolemma indicate?

A

That there was end-to-end fusion of shorter, primitive muscle cells during development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What is a myofibril formed out of?

A

Many sarcomeres fusing together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What are the two types of filament within a myofibril and what do they consist of?

A

Thin filament consisting mainly of actin

Thick filament consisting mainly of myosin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What are the two main regions of the sarcomere?

A

Filaments and Bands, Zones, and Lines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What makes up the filament region of the sarcomere?

A

Thick and thin filament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What makes up the bands, zones, and lines region of the sarcomere?

A

I bands, A bands, H zones, M lines, and Z lines/discs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What is an I band?

A

The region of the sarcomere where only thin filament exists. Crosses over Z discs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What is an A band?

A

The region of the sarcomere where both thick and thin filament exist. Crosses over the M line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What is an H zone?

A

The region of the sarcomere where only thick filament exists and becomes smaller during contraction. Crosses over the M line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What is an M line?

A

A vertical line at the midpoint between the Z lines/discs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What is a Z line/Z disc?

A

The area between sarcomeres that is heavier to help hold the sarcomere together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What is the approximate composition of muscle?

A

Water ~75%
Protein ~18%
Fat ~3%
Inorganic minerals ~2.5%
Carbohydrates <1%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

What are the three categories of muscle proteins?

A
  1. Myofibrillar proteins
  2. Sarcoplasmic proteins
  3. Stromal proteins
68
Q

How do each of the three categories of muscle proteins differ?

A

In cellular location, function, and solubility

69
Q

What are myofibrillar proteins?

A

Structural proteins that make up the myofibril

70
Q

What are the three subgroups of myofibrilar proteins?

A

Major contractile proteins, regulatory proteins, cytoskeletal proteins

71
Q

What is the main purpose of major contractile proteins and what are two examples?

A

Muscle contraction

Actin and mysoin

72
Q

What is the main purpose of regulatory proteins and what are two examples?

A

Initiate, control, and terminate contraction

Troponin and tropomyosin

73
Q

What is the main purpose of cytoskeletal proteins and what are two examples?

A

Support and alignment

Titin, Dystrophan, and Nebulin

74
Q

What protein makes up 45% (the largest proportion) of myofibrillar proteins in muscles?

A

Myosin

75
Q

Describe the shape of a myosin protein.

A

Elongated and rod-shaped with a very high molecular weight.

There are two heavy chains. Each contains a head and an alpha helix tail. Each of the heavy chains is paired with two light chains, which can be separated when certain enzymes are active

76
Q

Why does myosin play an important role in muscle contraction?

A

The heads are motor proteins that are responsible for making muscles work

77
Q

What does actin consist of?

A

Two chains of F-actin from from individual G-actin molecules

78
Q

What is the shape of tropomyosin?

A

Rod-like protein

79
Q

How does tropomyosin relate to actin’s double helix?

A

It wraps around actin and inserts itself into the grooves of the helix

80
Q

What does troponin do?

A

Wraps itself around actin’s helix like tropomyosin

81
Q

What are the three types of troponin and what does each do?

A

Troponin C (TnC)- binds Ca2+

Troponin I (TnI)- inhibits ATP

Troponin T (TnT)- binds tropomyosin

82
Q

What are sarcoplasmic proteins responsible for?

A

Metabolism

83
Q

Where are sarcoplasmic proteins found?

A

In the sarcoplams or in the fluid surrounding myofibrils

84
Q

What are sarcoplasmic proteins mostly made of?

A

Oxidatvie enzymes, heme pigments like myoglobin (responsible for red color of muscle), lysosomal enzymes, and nucleoproteins

85
Q

What do stromal proteins mainly consist of?

A

Collagen and elastin

86
Q

What are the 5 key events of muscle contraction?

A
  1. Action potential
  2. Calcium release
  3. Calcium exposes binding sites
  4. Myosin binds to actin
  5. Contraction is turned off and muscle returns to a relaxed state
87
Q

What does the action potential signal?

A

Contraction which is voluntarily triggered by the brain and transmitted to the muscle from reflex activity in the spinal cord

88
Q

What is the second step of the action potential phase?

A

Action potential arrives at the neuromuscular junction and brings an influx of Calcium with it

89
Q

What does the influx of Calcium release and where does it release it?

A

It releases acetylcholine into the extracellular space between the nerve and the muscle

90
Q

What does acetylcholine bind with to do?

A

Binds withr eceptors on the muscle fiber’s cell membrane and opens Ca2+-Na+ channels to help transmit the action potential

91
Q

What does the action potential travel along within the muscle?

A

T-tubules

92
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

A group of muscle fibers innervated by a singular neuron

93
Q

Why is there a difference in the number of muscle fibers included in a motor unit?

A

A muscle that requires more delicate and precise movements will have less fibers in its motor unit so it has better control than something that needs power with a lot of fibers in its motor unit

94
Q

When the action potential moves through the T-tubules, what is depolarized?

A

The interior of the muscle fiber

95
Q

What does depolarizing the muscle fiber do?

A

Activates voltage gated Calcium channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (muscle ER) to release Calcium into the sarcoplasm (muscle cytoplasm)

96
Q

Once Calcium is released, what does it bond to and where is it found?

A

Troponin C on the actin thin filaments

97
Q

What does Calcium binding to troponin C do?

A

It changes the troponin complex shape, shifting tropomyosin out of the way and exposing the myosin and actin binding sites

98
Q

What is myosin’s ready position?

A

Myosin bound with ADP and inorganic phosphate

99
Q

How is myosin able to attach to actin?

A

By breaking down ATP into ADP and an inorganic phosphate

100
Q

What enzyme breaks down the ATP on myosin?

A

Myosin-ATPase

101
Q

When myosin bonds with actin, what is formed?

A

Cross-bridges

102
Q

What is the power stroke?

A

When myosin changes shape by releasing an inorganic phosphate and ADP, which allows it to attach to actin and pull it forward

103
Q

What does the the changing of myosin’s shape in the power stroke do?

A

It pulls on actin and moves the Z-lines closer together

104
Q

What causes myosin to release actin?

A

Binding ATP to myosin

105
Q

What are the 5 steps of the relaxation phase?

A
  1. Nerve signal weakens
  2. Sarcolemma and T-tubule are repolarized and ready for the next signal
  3. Cross bridges break and can’t reform
  4. Tropomyoisn moleceules recover the myosin-actin binding sites
  5. The sarcomeres and the filaments passively return to their resting state
106
Q

What molecule is required for muscle contraction?

A

ATP

107
Q

What type of energy from ATP is converted to what type of energy during muscle contraction?

A

Chemical energy converted to electrical energy

108
Q

What molecule is required to break the actin/myosin bond and end contraction?

A

ATP

109
Q

What does a current lack of ATP cause in the muscle?

A

Muscle cramping

110
Q

What does a permanent lack of ATP cause in the muscle?

A

Rigor mortis

111
Q

What enzyme creates ATP from the ADP and phsophate released by the myosin?

A

ATP synthase

112
Q

Where does ATP creation take place in animals?

A

Mitochondria

113
Q

What flows into the mitochondria via ATP-synthase that helps convert ADP to ATP

A

Hydrogen

114
Q

How does ATP breakdown and reforming work?

A

It is broken down to a lot of percursors before it can be resynthesized

115
Q

What are the 3 ATP generating pathways in muscle?

A

Phosphocreatine, glycolysis, Citric Acid/Krebs/TCA cycle

116
Q

What is the goal of phosphocreatine?

A

Phosphocreatine is converted into creatine

117
Q

What is the goal of glycolysis

A

Glucose is coverted to pyruvate of lactic acid

118
Q

Where can glucose originate for glycolysis?

A

From diet or from glycogen, which is stored glucose within muscles and organs

119
Q

What is the precursor of the TCA cycle?

A

Amino acids and glucose/pyruvate are converted to acetyl CoA in the presence of oxygen to enter the cycle

120
Q

What is the main limitation of the TCA cycle?

A

Can only happen in aerobic environments

121
Q

What is the outcome of glycolysis?

A

Pyruvate, ATP, and NADH

122
Q

What happens to pyruvate in anaerobic conditions?

A

It is converted to lactate where it is transported to the liver and metabolized back to glucose through gluconeogenesis

123
Q

What happens to pyruvate in aerobic conditions?

A

It enters the TCA cycle to be used to produce ATP along with NADH also producing ATP in the electron transport system

124
Q

What is the TCA cycle?

A

A series of chemical reactions that releases stored energy by oxidizing acetyl-CoA

125
Q

How is acetyl-CoA obtained?

A

From carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, from pyruvate converted to acetyl CoA, and from fatty acids or amino acids converted to acetyl CoA, which is the starting point of the TCA cycle

126
Q

What are the advantages of the TCA cycle?

A

Produces much more ATP than glycolysis alone (36 vs 6)

Allows for production of ATP from several fuel sources (carbs, fatty acids, amino acids), where glycolysis has to start at glucose

127
Q

What are disadvantages of the TCA cycle?

A

It’s slower and it requires oxygen, which is in short supply during exercise

128
Q

What are the three types of ATP generation initiating compounds?

A
  1. Phosphocreatine
  2. Carbohydrates
  3. Fatty Acids or Amino Acids
129
Q

How does phosphocreatine produce ATP?

A

It provides a quick burst of ATP and is used rapidly and exhausted within seconds of exercising

130
Q

How do carbohydrates produce ATP?

A

The main carbohydrate thought of here is glucose. This is the second most abundant ATP precursor after phosphocreatine, but can be depleted quickly after exercise

ATP production is limited in anaerobic environments, but carbohydrates are the only choice in an anaerobic environment

131
Q

How do fatty acids or amino acids produce ATP

A

They have a higher “staying power” since it’s hard to deplete fat and protein reserves

Needs oxygen to be used

132
Q

What are muscle fiber/muscle cell types?

A

Difference between muscle fibers/cells that vary among different muscles and species depending on the work the muscle needs to perform

133
Q

In what ways can muscle fibers be classified?

A

By metabolism, speed of contraction, strength/endurance, color, composition, and the myosin heavy chain and which enzymes are on it

134
Q

What can muscle fibers do depending on their living conditions?

A

Adapt and change their type

135
Q

What color fibers are used to aide activity over long periods of time?

A

Red fibers

136
Q

What color fibers are used to aide activity in short bursts?

A

White fibers

137
Q

What are the two classifications of muscle based on metabolism preference?

A

Oxidative and glycolytic

138
Q

Can any muscle type use any type of fuel?

A

Yes, but muscle types have a greater affinity for certain fuels over others

139
Q

What type of fuel do oxidative muscles primarily use?

A

Lipids

140
Q

What kind of fuel do glycolytic muscles primarily use?

A

Glucose

141
Q

What type of muscle classified based on metabolism affinity is better suited for constant use and sustained and constant energy?

A

Oxidative

142
Q

What are the two color classifications of muscle?

A

White/Light and Red/Dark

143
Q

What is muscle color derived from?

A

Muscle pigment

144
Q

What is muscle pigment

A

The concentration of a sarcoplasmic protein called myoglobin, which transports oxygen

more myoglobin = darker = more oxygen

145
Q

What color muscle cells are more oxidative and what color are more glycolytic?

A

Red/dark more oxidative

White/light more glycolytic

146
Q

What is the rate limiting step of contraction?

A

The action of myosin-ATPase that converts ATP into ADP and Phosphate

147
Q

Which muscle classifications based on speed are more oxidative and which are more glycolytic

A

Fast muscles are oxidative

Slow muscles are glycolytic

148
Q

Which has more endurance and which has more power/strength- a wild duck and a domestic chicken?

A

A wild duck has more endurance and a domestic chicken has more power/strength

149
Q

What are the two things that muscles built for power need?

A

A quick fuel supply and a rapid contraction pattern

150
Q

What are the two things that muscles built for endurance need?

A

A constant fuel supply and an efficient contraction pattern

151
Q

What three classifications are typically associated with power muscles?

A

Glycolytic, fast, and white/light

152
Q

What three classifications are typically associated with endurance muscles?

A

Oxidative, slow, and red/dark

153
Q

What four classifications are typically associated with oxidative muscles?

A
  1. Red/dark
  2. Slow
  3. Endurance
  4. High fat content
154
Q

What four classifications are typically associated with glycolytic muscles?

A
  1. White/light
  2. Fast
  3. Power
  4. Low fat content
155
Q

What part of myosin is considered the heavy chain?

A

Head and alpha-helix tail

156
Q

What part of myosin is considered the light chain?

A

The two molecules that bind to the tail right below the head

157
Q

Where is ATPase found in myosin?

A

Head

158
Q

What are the 4 types of myosin heavy chain forms?

A

Type I, Type IIA, Type IIX, and Type IIB

159
Q

How are the types of myosin heavy chains classified?

A

Based on the speed of ATPase in them, which affects the speed of contraction

160
Q

Rank the speeds of myosin heavy chain types from fastest action to slowest

A

IIB > IIX > IIA > I

161
Q

Do all animals have all classifications of myosin heavy chains?

A

No

162
Q

How do myosin heavy chains change with different metabolistic needs throughout life?

A

They can transition to a different type

163
Q

What are the five classifications associated with Type I MHC?

A

Oxidative, red/dark, highest fat, slowest, endurance based

164
Q

What are the five classifications associated with Type IIA MHC?

A

Oxidative and glycolytic, red (lighter than Type I), high fat, slow, endurance based

165
Q

What are the five classifications associated with Type IIX MHC?

A

Glycolytic, white (darker than Type IIB), low fat, fast, power based

166
Q

What are the five classifications associated with Type IIB MHC?

A

Glycolytic, white/light, lowest fat, fastest, power based

167
Q

What are the 5 main functions of muscle?

A
  1. Movement
  2. Blood circulation
  3. Heat generation
  4. Support
  5. Protection

Animal Science (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions