Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Animal Science > Mammary System > Flashcards

Mammary System Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What type of organ is the mammary gland?

A

A reproductive organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is successful lactation required for?

A

Reproductive performance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are monotremes?

A

Egg-laying mammals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are marsupials?

A

Pouched mammals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are placental mammals?

A

Most mammals and all domestic species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does it mean to say that the mammary gland is dynamic?

A

It will not fully develop if it is not necessary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

When will the mammary gland develop?

A

Pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

When is the greatest amount of mammary growth?

A

First gestation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the main components of milk?

A

Water, protein, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What proteins are found in milk?

A

Casein and whey

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What fats are found in milk?

A

Mainly triglycerides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What carbohydrates are found in milk?

A

Mainly lactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What vitamins are found in milk?

A

Fat and water soluble vitamins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What minerals are found in milk?

A

Iodine, calcium, phosphorus, and more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What do different environments affect?

A

Milk composition (more fat/water/etc.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the structure of the bovine udder?

A

Large and heavy and can weigh more than 100lbs

Has 4 teats, 1 per gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the relation between the milk from each gland in a cow?

A

It does not mix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the medial suspensory ligament?

A

The main support structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where is the medial suspensory ligament attached?

A

The abdominal wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the medial suspensory ligament made of and why?

A

It’s made of elastic tissue because it needs flexibility and less tension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the four individual glands of the cow called?

A

Separate quarters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How do the quarters relate to each other?

A

They are mostly independent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the three main parts of each bovine gland?

A

Teat, annular ring, gland cistern

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the parts of the teat?

A

Apex, teat canal, Furstenberg’s rosette, teat cistern

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the functional/secretory unit of the mammary gland?

A

Alveolus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the four parts of the alveolus?

A

Secretory/luminal epithelial cells, myoepithelial cells, ductal epithelial cells, and arterioles, capillaries, and venules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What lines the alveoli and how does it vary?

A

Simple epithelium that varies from columnar to cuboidal in height

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What happens to the ducts of the alveolus?

A

The small initial ducts converge to form larger ducts, which converge to form larger ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What do the alveolar ducts terminate in?

A

A large, single basin called the lactiferous sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the lactiferous sinus divided into?

A

The gland cistern and the teat cistern

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What marks the difference between the gland cistern and teat cistern

A

The annular ring, which contains a vein and some smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What does the wall of the empty cistern have and what happens when the cistern is full of milk?

A

It contains overlapping longitudinal and circular folds that go away when the cistern is full

The wall also contains diverticula/pockets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What connects the teat cistern with the external teat?

A

A narrow opening at the end called the teat canal, streak canal, or papillary duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What does the teat canal open at?

A

Ostium papillae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What surrounds the distal end of the teat canal?

A

A sphincter of smooth muscle fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the udder supported by?

A

Dense system of fibroelastic ligaments called the suspensory apparatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are the supportive elments of the suspensory apparatus?

A

Two medial laminae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Why are the medial laminae able to be easily separated?

A

They are only connected by loose areolar connective tissue with almost no blood vessels or nerves passing through them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Where are the medial laminae the thickest?

A

Close to the body wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Where are the medial laminae the thinnest and why?

A

Near the intermammary groove because as they descend, the medial laminae give off sheets of connective tissue that interdigitate into the udder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What part of the suspensory apparatus is composed of dense, white, fibrous connective tissue?

A

Lateral laminae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

How do the lateral laminae compare to the medial laminae?

A

They are less elastic than the medial laminae because the medial laminae are made mostly of elastic connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What part of each mammary gland do the lateral laminae pass around?

A

The lateral side of each half of the mammary gland, meeting at the medial laminae’s both cranial and caudal ends

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Where are the lateral laminae thickest and thinnest and why?

A

It is thickest closest to the body wall and gets thinner as it progresses ventrally because it gives off sheets of connective tissue into the gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

How many litres of blood flow is needed for every litre of milk produced?

A

At least 500

46
Q

What percent of cardiac output is devoted to the mammary glands?

A

~10%

47
Q

Where does mammary blood supply originate from?

A

Caudal aorta

48
Q

What is the path for blood flow to the mammary glands?

A

Caudal aorta -> external iliac artery -> external pudic/pudendal artery -> Cranial and caudal mammary arteries

49
Q

Where do the caudal mammary arteries take nutrients?

A

To the rear of the mammary glands

50
Q

What is characteristic of the mammary arteries?

A

Thick walled with no valves

51
Q

What do the main veins that drain the udder form and where is it attached?

A

Venous circle/circle of venous that is attached to the abdominal wall

52
Q

What does the circle of venous allow?

A

Blood mixing

53
Q

What are two alternative routes the blood can take to return to the heart?

A

Inguinal canal/external pudic vein

Subcutaneous abdominal vein/milk vein

54
Q

What do the nerves in the udder have no direct contact with?

A

Alveolar cells

55
Q

What are the three major functions of the afferent neurons in the mammary glands?

A

They cause milk ejection

They cause neurohormonal reflex

They cause oxytocin release

56
Q

What does oxytocin release do in the mammary glands?

A

It causes contraction of the alveoli, which causes milk ejection

57
Q

What is typical typical nervous function is not present in the mammary gland efferent neurons?

A

There is no parasympathetic activity in the mammary glands

58
Q

What neurons cause sympathetic activity in the mammary glands?

A

Efferent neurons

59
Q

What does sympathetic activity in the mammary glands result in?

A

Vasoconstriction, which decreases the amount of nutrients reaching the mammary glands

60
Q

What hormone causes vasoconstriction in the mammary glands?

A

Adrenaline/epinephrine

61
Q

What glands and organs are important for hormone release?

A

Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal gland, ovaries, and pancreas

62
Q

What hormone does the thyroid gland secrete and what is its function?

A

T3, which increases metabolic rate to meet the metabolic demands of lactation

63
Q

What hormone does the adrenal gland secrete and what is its function?

A

Cortisol, which “turns lactation on”

64
Q

What hormones do the ovaries secrete and what are their function?

A

Progesterone and estradiol, which help with mammary development

65
Q

What hormone does the pancreas secrete?

A

Insulin

66
Q

Why is the hypophysis/pituitary gland important?

A

It activates the other glands that secrete hormones

67
Q

What part of the pituitary gland releases the hormones that activate other glands and organs?

A

Adeno Hypophysis

68
Q

What part of the pituitary gland releases oxytocin?

A

Neurohypophysis

69
Q

What hormones are released from the adenohypophysis?

A

Prolactin, Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), LH, FSH, Somatotropin, Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

70
Q

What is hypophysectomy?

A

Destruction of the pituitary gland

71
Q

What happens is hypophysectomy occurs?

A

No hormones are released and lactation doesn’t occur

72
Q

What is galactopoiesis?

A

The enhancing/continued production of lactation

73
Q

What hormone assists with galactopoiesis?

A

Growth hormone (rbST)

74
Q

What type of hormone is oxytocin?

A

Peptide hormone

75
Q

Where is oxytocin produced?

A

Hypothalamus

76
Q

Where is oxytocin released from?

A

Neurohypophysis

77
Q

What is oxytocin responsible for?

A

Milk ejection

78
Q

What can cause oxytocin release?

A

Sights and sounds related to milking

79
Q

What cells are responsible for milk secretion and what do they specifically do?

A

Epithelial cells lining the alveoli. They synthesize and release lipids, proteins, and lactose for milk

80
Q

What happens to the epithelial cells when the alveoli are filled with milk?

A

They shrink, become low-cuboidal epithelium, and have relatively low secretory activity

81
Q

After milk is released, what happens to the epithelium cells lining the alveoli?

A

They increase their secretory activity and begin to fill the alveoli again

82
Q

What describes the shape of the epithelial cells lining the alveoli during the milk secretion process?

A

They start columnar and gradually reduce to cuboidal as the alveoli fill with milk

83
Q

What is lactogenesis?

A

The establishment of milk secretion

84
Q

What function does estrogen have in lactogenesis?

A

Promotes the growth of the ductile system

85
Q

What function does progesterone have in lactogenesis?

A

It acts with estrogen to promote the growth and anatomical development of the secretory alveoli

86
Q

What is prolactin’s role in lactogenesis?

A

Helps with anatomical and functional development of secretory epithelium to promote milk secretion

87
Q

When is increased prolactin needed?

A

Near parturition so lactogenesis and milk secretion can adequately occur

88
Q

What can stop milk let-down?

A

Epinephrine/adrenaline

89
Q

Where is epinephrine released from and what can cause it to be released?

A

It’s released from the adrenal medulla and can be triggered by rough handling, loud noises, and rough milking

90
Q

What are three effects that epinephrine release can have?

A

1.) Blocks oxytocin release from the pituitary gland

2.) Reduces mammary blood flow by slowing the smooth muscle contractions

3.) Blocks oxytocin receptors on epithelial cells

91
Q

What does proper teat stimulation result in?

A

Oxytocin release (ejections are increased, not production)

Increased circulating oxytocin concentration

Increased myoepithelial cell contraction

Enhanced milk harvest

Decreased milking time

92
Q

What can milking/nursing empty?

A

Only the cisterns and largest ducts of the udder

93
Q

What forces milk from the alveoli to the cisterns?

A

Contraction of the myoepithelial cells surrounding the alveoli

94
Q

When do the myoepithelial cells surrounding the alveoli contract?

A

When exposed to oxytocin

95
Q

What does the neuroendocrine reflex do?

A

Releases oxytocin from the neurohypophysis

96
Q

What stimuli is included in the afferent side of the neuroendocrine reflex?

A

Visual and auditory stimuli and sensory nerves from the mammary glands, particularly the nipples/teats

97
Q

What is the usual stimulus for the milk ejection reflex?

A

Suckling on the teats

98
Q

What are ways the milk ejection reflex can be stimulated/inhibited?

A

It can be trained to be stimulated just by barn sounds, the sight of the suckling young etc.

And it can be inhibited by disturbances like a dog barking

99
Q

What do stressful stimuli do to the milk ejection reflex?

A

Increase activity of the sympathetic nervous system, which inhibits the milk ejection reflex by reducing oxytocin release, by reducing blood flow, and by counteracting the effects of oxytocin on myoepithelium cells

100
Q

How much milk may remain in a gland after milking?

A

Up to 25%

101
Q

What does colostrum contain?

A

A high concentration of immunoglobulins produced by the immune system of the dam

102
Q

What concentrates immunoglobulin in the colostrum?

A

Selective transport by the epithelial cells lining the alveoli

103
Q

Why are immunoglobulins needed by the neonate?

A

To provide immune protection against infectious agents in the environment until the offspring’s immune system is fully functional

104
Q

Why is colsotrum consumption especially important in farm animals?

A

There is limited transfer of immunoglobulins from the dam to the fetus through the placenta

105
Q

What is the primary immunoglobulin that must be consumed by neonates?

A

IgG

106
Q

What does IgA do?

A

Neutralizes pathogens and endotoxins

107
Q

Most neonates are born with limited amounts of body fat and get their energy from what?

A

Milk proteins and lipids in colostrum

108
Q

What does colostrum have a relatively low concentration of and what does this make it?

A

It has a low concentration of lactose, which makes it a good source of energy

109
Q

What does most species’ colostrum have a high concentration of?

A

Vitamin A, Vitamin D, and Iron

110
Q

Why does colostrum have a relatively low amount of lactose?

A

It is produced relatively early before birth and progesterone, which is released until right before birth, inhibits production of lactose, so lactose isn’t able to be made and put into the colostrum

111
Q

What is closure?

A

When changes occur 24 hours after a neonate’s birth that prevent it from absorbing intact IgG from the gastrointestinal tract to the blood. After this point, immunoglobulins are digested similarly to other proteins colostrum is relatively useless

Animal Science (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions