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Animal Science > Male Reproductive System Anatomy > Flashcards

Male Reproductive System Anatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

What is urology?

A

The study of surgical and medical diseases of the male and female urinary tract system and the male reproductive organs

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2
Q

What is andrology?

A

Medical study of the male reproductive system

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3
Q

What is endocrinology?

A

Study of biology and medicine dealing with the endocrine system, its diseases, and its secretions

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4
Q

What is the male gamete called?

A

spermatozoon (singular)
spermatozoa (plural)

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5
Q

What is the reproductive system closely related to and why?

A

The urinary system. They develop their tubules and ducts so that they are interdependent on each other

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6
Q

What is the common passages way of the urinary system and the reproductive tract in males?

A

Urethra

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7
Q

What are the four main parts of the male reproductive system?

A

Two testes/testicles, scrotum, accessory organs (which include ducts and glands), and the penis

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8
Q

What produces spermatozoa/sperm?

A

Testes

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9
Q

What produces testosterone?

A

Testes

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10
Q

What is testosterone?

A

Male sex hormone

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11
Q

What is the function of the scrotum?

A

Provides a favorable environment for production and maturation of spermatozoa

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12
Q

What is a benefit of sperm cells that egg cells don’t have?

A

They’re a type of cell that is easy to be produced, so they can be produced quickly in mass quantities

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13
Q

What plays a role in ease of sperm cell production?

A

Temperature

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14
Q

What is the ultimate goal of the spermatozoa?

A

Reaching the ovum of the female in a condition that allows fertilization of the ovum

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15
Q

What structures help the spermatozoa reach the ovum?

A

Epididymis, ductus deferens, urethra, penis, and accessory sex glands (ampullary glands, vesicular glands, prostate, and bulbourethral glands)

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16
Q

What is the sigmoid flexure?

A

A bend in the penis that allows the penis to fold when the retractor penis muscle contracts and straighten during erection

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17
Q

What animal has a corkscrew penis?

A

Pig/boar

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18
Q

Where does spermatogenesis occur?

A

The testes

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19
Q

What varies between species about the testes?

A

Shape, size, and location

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20
Q

What does the spermatic cord contain?

A

blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics, and ductus deferens

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21
Q

What does the spermatic cord do?

A

Suspends each individual testis in the scrotum

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22
Q

What are the spermatic cord and testicle invested/covered by?

A

The peritoneum, which is a serosal sac (contains serous fluid) also called the vaginal tunic/sheath

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23
Q

What does the investment (covering) of the spermatic cord imply?

A

Fetal testis developed in the abdomen and reached the scrotal position by migrating through the serosa-lined abdominal cavity, and carried its serosal coverings with it

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24
Q

Each testis consists of a coiled mass of what surrounded by what?

A

Seminiferous tubules surrounded by a heavy fibrous capsule called the tunica albuginea

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25
Q

What do the seminiferous tubules consist of?

A

Mutliple cell types

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26
Q

What does the tunica albuginea do?

A

Divides the testis into different lobules

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27
Q

What do the septa/trabeculae do?

A

Pass inward from the tunica albuginea and divide the testis into lobules

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28
Q

What does dividing the testis do?

A

Provides framework and support for the seminiferous tubules and the interstitial tissue that produces testosterone

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29
Q

What is the initial site of spermatogenesis?

A

The seminiferous tubules

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30
Q

Where doe the seminiferous tubules send sperm?

A

Into a network of tubules called the rete testis

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31
Q

What does the rete testis drain into?

A

Efferent ductules

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32
Q

What do the efferent ductules come together to form?

A

Epididymal duct

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33
Q

What does the connective tissue between the seminiferous tubules contain?

A

Interstitial/Leydig cells

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34
Q

What do interstitial cells do?

A

Secrete testosterone when stimulated by the gonadotropin lutenizing hormone (LH)

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35
Q

What type of cells are found within the seminiferous tubules?

A

Sustentacular/Sertoli

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36
Q

What do the Sertoli cells do in regard to spermatozoa?

A

Envelop developing spermatozoa and their precursors, which begins the differentiation into sperm cells

They also nourish the developing sperm cells

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37
Q

What do the Sertoli cells do in regard to hormones?

A

Mediate the effects of the gonadotropin follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone on developing germ (sperm) cells

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38
Q

What direction does sperm cell creation move within the seminiferous tubules?

A

From the outside in

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39
Q

How does sperm cell structure compare to egg cell structure?

A

Sperm cells are much smaller and simpler in structure than egg cells are

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40
Q

What is the primary location for maturation of sperm?

A

The epididymis

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41
Q

What does maturation of sperm involve?

A

Adding components that give them a higher likelihood of being mobile to the extent they can reach an egg

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42
Q

What makes up the epididymis?

A

Long, convoluted epipdidymal duct that connects efferent ductules of the testis with the ductus deferens

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43
Q

What does the epididymis appear like?

A

A firm, arcing appendage on one side of the testis

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44
Q

How long is the period of maturation for spermatozoa?

A

10-15 days

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45
Q

What are the three divisions of the epididymis?

A

Head, body, tail

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46
Q

What part of the epididymis do the efferent ductules empty into?

A

Head

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47
Q

What part of the testis does the body of the epididymis lie on?

A

Long axis

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48
Q

How and where is the tail of the epididymis connected?

A

Connected by ligaments to the testis and the vaginal tunic

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49
Q

What does the duct of the epididymis tail continue as?

A

Ductus deferens

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50
Q

What does the ductus deferens do?

A

Convey sperm from the testis to the proximal portion of the urethra

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51
Q

What is the ductus deferens?

A

A muscular tube that undergoes peristalsis to propel the spermatozoa from the epididymis to the urethra

52
Q

What does the ductus deferens pass through when leaving the epididymis tail?

A

Inguinal canal

53
Q

What does the ductus deferens do within the spermatic cord?

A

Separates the neurovascular parts of the cord from the sperm transfer parts

54
Q

What is the scrotum?

A

A cutaneous sac that conforms in size and shape to the testes

55
Q

What are characteristics of the scrotal skin?

A

Thin, pliable, relatively hairless (except in sheep)

56
Q

What is responsible for suspending the scrotum?

A

Inguinal canal

57
Q

What is the tunica dartos and where is it found?

A

A layer of fibroelastic tissue mixed with smooth muscle fibers that is found immediately under the scrotal skin

58
Q

What happens to the tunica dartos and the scrotum in cold weather?

A

The muscle fibers of the tunica dartos contract and hold the testes against the abdominal wall, which helps keep them warm

59
Q

What is the scrotal septum and what does it do?

A

A fibrous sheet extending from the tunica dartos that divides the scrotum into two compartments, one for each testis

60
Q

What is deep to the tunica dartos?

A

Several layers of fascia, which are not easily separated

61
Q

What is the cremaster muscle, where is it found, and what does it do?

A

A slip of muscle superficial to the spermatic cord that helps draw the testicle closer to the body wall when temperatures are low or as a reflex to protect it

62
Q

What is the inguinal canal?

A

A passage from the abdominal cavity to the exterior of the body

63
Q

Where do gonads develop in the male and female?

A

In the lumbar region (well within the abdominal cavity) and immediately caudal to the kidney

64
Q

After development, what is the difference between the male and female gonads?

A

Ovaries remain in the abdominal cavity near their origin, but the testes descend a considerable distance from their origin

65
Q

What is significant about the environment of the scrotum?

A

A slightly lower temperature than normal body temperature, which is favorable to spermatogenesis

66
Q

When is descent of the testes normally complete?

A

Birth or shortly after

67
Q

What helps the testes descend?

A

The fibrous gubernaculum guides the testes down. The gubernaculum is a cordlike structure that extends from the testis through the inguinal canal to the skin in the region that will become the scrotum

68
Q

What is it called when a testis doesn’t descend and what is an animal with this condition called?

A

The testis is called a cryptorchid testis and the animal is called a cryptorchid

69
Q

How common are cryptorchid pigs?

A

1/200-300

70
Q

What happens to a cryptorchid in terms of spermatogenesis?

A

A cryptorchid with both testes in the abdomen likely will be sterile since spermatogenesis needs a cooler temperature than the body, which is found in the scrotum

71
Q

What happens to a cryptorchid in terms of hormones?

A

The higher temperature of cryptorchid testes does not interfere with testosterone production, so the animal will behave like a normal animal

72
Q

What is castration?

A

Removal of the testes in a male

Can also be applied to ovariectomy, which is the removal of the ovaries in the female

73
Q

What is vasectomy?

A

Transection, usually with ligation (closing off) or removal of a section, of the ductus deferens

74
Q

How does a vasectomy affect function of the testes?

A

Prevents delivery of spermatozoa but has no effect on production of hormones

75
Q

What is the main function of the male accessory sex glands?

A

Produce the bulk of the ejaculate/semen, which is the medium of transport for sperm

76
Q

What does semen do in relation to sperm?

A

It provides conditions for nutrition of the sperm and works as a buffer against the acidity of the female genital tract

77
Q
A
78
Q

What are the four accessory male sex glands?

A

1.) Ampulla of the ductus deferens
2.) Vesicular glands
3.) Prostate gland
4.) Bulbourethral gland

79
Q

Which accessory sex glands are paired?

A

Ampulla of the ductus deferens, vesicular glands, and the bulbourethral gland

80
Q

How do the male accessory sex gland compare across species?

A

Vary in shape and size, but relative location is similar

81
Q

What are the ampullae?

A

Glandular enlargements associated with terminal parts of the ductus deferens

82
Q

What animals are the ampullae well developed in and what animals are they not?

A

They are well developed in the stallion, bull, and ram, but are relatively absent in the boar

83
Q

What do the glands of the ampullae do?

A

Empty into the ductus deferens and contribute to the volume of semen

84
Q

What is another name for the vesicular glands?

A

Seminal vesicles

85
Q

What do the vesicular glands/seminal vesicles do?

A

Merge with ipsilateral ductus deferens to create a short ejaculatory duct, which empties into the pelvic urethra

86
Q

What does the prostate gland do?

A

Produces an alkaline solution that gives semen its odor

87
Q

What happens to the multiple ducts of the prostate gland?

A

They open in two parallel rows, one on each side of the lumen of the urethra

88
Q

What is testosterone and other hormones’ functions in relation to the accessory sex glands?

A

Necessary for supporting growth and differentiation of the accessory sex glands during puberty and for their maintenance during sperm production

89
Q

What is another name for the bulbourethral glands?

A

Cowper’s glands

90
Q

Where are the bulbourethral glands located?

A

Paired glands on each side of the urethra cranial to the ischial arch and caudal to the other accessory glands

91
Q

In what species are the bulbourethreal glands especially large?

A

Boar

92
Q

What are the three areas of the penis?

A

Glans, body, and cura/roots

93
Q

What is the glans of the penis?

A

The free extremity at the end

94
Q

What is the body of the penis?

A

The main portion

95
Q

What are the cura/roots of the penis?

A

The part of the penis that attach it to the ischial arch of the pelvis

96
Q

What is the corpora cavernosa?

A

Erectile tissue that exists in paired columns that make up the bulk of the penile body’s internal structure

97
Q

What does the corpus cavernosum consist of?

A

It is filled with blood sinusoids (irregularly shaped blood vessels)

98
Q

What is the corpus cavernosum divided into and what is it divided by?

A

Trabeculae by sheets of connective tissue

99
Q

What are the sheets of connective tissue that divide the corpus cavernosum derived from?

A

The tunica albuginea, which is a heavy fibroelastic capsule that surrounds the penis

100
Q

What species have a fibroelastic penis?

A

Ruminants and swine

101
Q

What makes up the bulk of the fibroelastic penis?

A

Connective tissue that forms the trabeculae makes up the bulk of the penis

102
Q

Because of the density of the connective tissue in the fibroelastic penis, what is a characteristic of it when not erect?

A

It is still firm

103
Q

What does the sigmoid shape of bulls, boars, and rams’ penises allow?

A

When erect, the retractor penis muscles relax (usually hold the penis at a bend) and the penis can straighten at the sigmoid flexure

104
Q

What happens to the fibroelastic penis when preparing for intromission/insertion?

A

Increases in length

Diameter stays the same

105
Q

What species have a musculocavernous penis?

A

Stallion

106
Q

What is characteristic of the musculocavernous penis?

A

Blood sinusoids (irregular blood vessels) predominate over connective tissue

107
Q

What does an erection result in in a musculocavernous penis?

A

Transformation of the penis from a flaccid consistency to a rigid shape, with an increase in girth as the sinusoids fill with blood

108
Q

What are the crura?

A

Proximal parts of the corpora cavernosa

109
Q

What is contained between the corpora cavernosa?

A

Penile urethrea

110
Q

What part of the penis shows significant variation between species?

A

Glans

111
Q

What is the urethral process?

A

A free portion of the urethra that projects beyond the glans in horses and sheep

112
Q

What is the shape of the bull and ram’s glans?

A

Helmet-shaped

113
Q

What is the shape of the bull’s external urethral opening?

A

Twisted groove

114
Q

What is the shape of the boar’s penis?

A

Twisting cranial extremity with a small glans

115
Q

When does erection occur?

A

When more blood enters the penis by way of the arterial supply than leaves by the veins

116
Q

What does increased blood volume during erection do to the penis?

A

Enlarges it (in all directions in a stallion) and makes it turgid

117
Q

What type of penis requires significantly less blood to become erect?

A

Fibroelastic penis

118
Q

What is the main effect of erection in a fibroelastic penis?

A

Lengthening of the penis by straightening the sigmoid flexure (think of a bent garden hose straightening when water pressure increases)

119
Q

Why are different species’ penises shaped differently?

A

To correspond to the structure of the female cervix

120
Q

What is the prepuce?

A

An invaginated fold of skin surrounding the free extremity of the penis

121
Q

How does the prepuce vary among individuals?

A

It differs among species, but sometimes even within species

122
Q

What makes up the outer and inner surfaces of the prepuce?

A

Outer surface is fairly typical skin

Inner layer is a mucous membrane that has a preputial layer lining the prepuce and a penile layer covering the surface of the free extremity of the penis

123
Q

What is the prepuce of the horse shaped like?

A

A double fold that has two concentric layers surrounding the retracted penis

124
Q

What is the prepuce of the pig shaped like?

A

Has a diverticulum (extending pouch/sac) dorsal to the preputial orifice

125
Q

What happens to the prepuce of a pig?

A

It accumulates urine, secretions, and dead cells, which causes a significant odor

Animal Science (12 decks)

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