Joints and Ligaments Flashcards
What is syndesmology/arthrology
The study of articulations (unions) between bones, known as joints
Are all joints mobile?
No, many bony articulations allow for only very slight or no movement under normal circumstances
What tissue unites the bones of a joint?
Fibrous tissue or cartilage
What reflects a joint’s specific task?
Structure and arrangement of the tissues that unite bones
What are the three types of joints?
Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial
What connects a fibrous joint?
Collagenous, fibrous connective tissue
What do fibrous joints not have?
A joint cavity
What level of movement do fibrous joints permit?
Very limited movement
What is a syndesmosis?
A joint that is united by a fibrous tissue that permits only slight movement
What is a suture?
A fibrous joint between flat bones of the skull that often completely ossifies with maturity
What is a gomphosis?
A specialized fibrous joint that unites teeth to the boney sockets of the mandible and maxilla (upper jaw)
What is the periodontium?
The collagenous tissues and fibroblasts that join the tooth to the socket
What are cartilaginous joints?
A joint where the bones are completely joined by cartilage, which can be either hyaline or fibrocartilage
What level of movement do cartilagenous joints provide?
More movement than fibrous joints, but less movement than synovial joints
What is a synchondrosis?
An immovable joint that is united by hyaline cartilage
What is a symphysis?
A joint united by fibrous tissue and cartilage (fibrocartilagenous joint)
Intervertebral disks have this kind of joint
What do “diarthroses” and “diarthrodial” mean and what do they describe?
They mean “freely mobile” and describe synovial joints
What is a synostosis?
A syndesmosis (fibrous), synchondrosis (hyaline cartilaginous), or symphysis (fibrocartilage) joint that has been replaced by bone
What is a synovial joint?
The most common type of joint in the body that is freely mobile and has a joint cavity, unlike fibrous and cartilaginous joints
What type of movement does a plane joint allow?
Gliding (clavicle)
What type of movement does a pivot joint allow?
Rotational, monaxial (side to side, up and down) (neck)
What type of movement does a saddle joint allow?
Angular, biaxial (flexion (bending), extension (increasing angle), abduction (away from midline), adduction (toward midline)) (human thumb)
What type of movement does a condylar joint allow?
Angular, biaxial, (up and down, side to side), circumduction (wrist)
What type of movement does a hinge joint allow?
Angular, monaxial (flexion, extension) (knee, elbow, ankle)
What type of movement does a ball and socket/spheroid joint allow?
Angular, circular, rotational, triaxial (movement on all axes) (shoulder/hips)
What is the articular surface?
The specialized layer of compact bone on the surface that interacts with other bones’ articular surfaces
What is the articular cartilage?
A layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the articular surfaces of bones
What is the articular cavity?
A small space between two bones surrounded by a joint capsule that has a small amount of lubricating fluid and can be considered a potential space
What are the two parts of the joint capsule?
The synovial membrane/layer and the fibrous capsule/layer
What is the synovial membrane/layer
A layer of connective tissue that extends from the edges of the articular cartilage, but does not cover any of the articular cartilage
What does the synovial membrane/layer do?
Secretes synovial fluid to lubricate the joint
How does the synovial membrane increase its surface area?
With folds that contain fat pads and with villi, both of which protrude into the joint cavity
What is the fibrous capsule/layer?
A fibrous sleeve that surrounds the synovial membrane
What does a thickened fibrous capsule form?
Ligaments that connect bones within the articular cavity and stabilize joints
What are ligaments?
Connective tissue bands that extend between bones
What are tendons?
Connective tissue bands that connect muscle to bone
What are ligaments and tendons made of?
Dense, regularly arranged bundles of collagen
What are the types of movement a joint can permit?
Gliding/sliding, flexion (bending), extension (increasing angle), hyperextension (increased angle beyond what is normal), rotation, adduction (toward the midline), abduction (away from midline), circumduction
What type of joint is found in humans but is not common in domestic animals?
Saddle joint
Where is the temporomadibular joint and what type of joint is it?
Connects the mandible and skull
Modified hinge joint
Where is the atlanto-occipital joint and what type of joint is it?
Connects the occipital bone (bottom bone of the skull) to the atlas bone (first vertebrae)
Pivot joint
Where is the atlanto-axial joint and what type of joint is it?
Connects the atlas bone (first vertebrae) to the axis bone (second vertebrae)
Pivot joint
Where is the costo-vertebral joint and what type of joint is it?
Connects the ribs to the thoracic vertebrae
Plane joint
Where is the intervertebral joint and what type of joint is it?
Connects two vertebrae
Symphysis (type of cartilaginous joint)
Where is the scapulo-humeral joint and what type of joint is it?
Shoulder joint- connects the scapula (shoulder blade) and the humerus (upper arm)
Ball and socket joint
Where is the humero-radial joint and what type of joint is it?
Connects the humerus (upper arm) with the radius (thicker lower arm)
Ball and socket joint
Where is the humero-ulnar joint and what type of joint is it?
Connects the humerus (upper arm) with the ulna (thinner lower arm)
Hinge
Where is the carpal joint and what kind of joint is it?
Wrist joint, connects the forearm with the metacarpals of the hand/paw
Condylar joint
Where is the metacarpophalangeal joint and what type of joint is it?
Knuckles- connects the “palm” with the fingers
Condylar joint
Where is the interphalangeal joint and what type of joint is it?
Connects the phalanges
Hinge joint
Where is the coxofemoral joint and what type of joint is it?
Hip joint connects the pelvis and the femur
Ball and socket joint
Where is the femoral-tibial joint and what type of joint is it?
Part of the stifle/knee joint that connects the femur and the tibia (thicker lower leg bone)
Hinge joint
Where is the femoral-patellar joint and what type of joint is it?
Part of the stifle/knee joint that connects the femur and the patella
Plane joint
Where is the tarsal joint and what type of joint is it?
Connects the tarsal bones with the metatarsal bones
Plane joint
Where is the metatarsal-phalangeal joint and what type of joint is it?
Connects the metatarsal bones with the phalanges
Condylar joint
