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Animal Science > Male Reproductive System Physiology > Flashcards

Male Reproductive System Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two cell types in the epithelial lining of the seminiferous tubules?

A

Sustentacular/Sertoli Cells and developing spermatozoa and their precursor germ cells

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2
Q

What type of shape do the seminiferous tubules have and why?

A

Irregular coiled shape because they encircle developing germ cells

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3
Q

Where do the sustentacular cells extend?

A

From the base of the epithelium to the lumen of the seminiferous tubules

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4
Q

What do sustentacular cells do?

A

Secrete a fluid that covers the developing germ cells and assists with the transport of spermatozoa from the seminiferous tubules to the rete testis after they’re released from the sustentacular cells

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5
Q

What is one component of the fluid released from sustentacular cells and what does it do?

A

Androgen-binding protein which transports androgens from where they are made in the testis to the epididymis, where they are needed for spermatozoa to mature

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6
Q

Where are Interstitial/Leydig cells found and what do they do?

A

They are found in the connective tissue between seminiferous tubules and secrete testosterone, which is the main androgen originating from the testicles

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7
Q

Why is the composition of fluid between sustentacular cells and typical interstitial fluid different?

A

There is a selectively permeable blood-testis barrier between the sustentacular fluids and the fluids outside the seminiferous tubules

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8
Q

What contributes to the barrier between sustentacular fluid and typical fluid?

A

Cell junctions between adjacent sustentacular cells and between between myoid cells that surround the tubules

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9
Q

What effect does the barrier between sustentacular fluid and typical fluid cause?

A

The concentrations of cellular secretions, like androgens and androgen-binding proteins, in the lumen of the seminiferous tubules are higher than in typical fluid because the barrier sequesters the types of fluids

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10
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

The term for all processes involved in formation of mature male gametes from undifferentiated germ cells

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11
Q

What does spermatogenesis include in terms of meiosis and mitosis?

A

There are several mitotic cell divisions, followed by two meiotic cell divisions. During meiosis, the chromosome number is reduced from diploid to haploid

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12
Q

What is the process of mitotic and meiotic cell divisions during spermatogenesis called?

A

Spermatocytogenesis

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13
Q

Some cells don’t enter spermatogenesis after mitosis, what happens to them?

A

Remain at the base of the epithelium to maintain the supply of stem cells

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14
Q

What does meiosis entail and when does it occur?

A

It entails two cell divisions and only occurs during the development of gametes in the testis and ovary

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15
Q

Before meiosis, how does DNA replicate during mitosis?

A

Very similar to mitotic cell division: it results in chromosomes that consist of two identical chromatids

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16
Q

What happens to chromosomes when preparing for meiosis?

A

Homologous chromosomes pair up along the middle of the cell

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17
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

Similar chromosomes of a typical pair, each of which was contributed by one of the parent animals

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18
Q

How many chromosomes from a homologous pair moves into a daughter cell?

A

One of each homologous pair

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19
Q

How are chromosomes of homologous pairs distributed to daughter cells?

A

Randomly

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20
Q

What provides genetic variation among offspring?

A

Mixing homologous pairs

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21
Q

Before the first meiotic division, what type of cell is it, and how many chromosomes and chromatids does it have?

A

It is a diploid cell with 4 chromosomes (diploid = 2 pairs) and 8 chromatids (2 chromatids per chromosome)

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22
Q

After the first meiotic division, what type of cell is each daughter cell, and how many chromosomes and chromatids does the daughter cell have?

A

It is a haploid cell, with 2 chromosomes (haploid = 1 pair) and 4 chromatids

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23
Q

After the second meiotic division, what type of cell is each daughter cell and how many chromosomes and chromatids does it have?

A

Each daughter cell is a haploid cell, with no full chromosomes, but 2 chromatids

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24
Q

How many of the daughter cells from meiosis contain an X chromosome and how many daughter cells contain a Y chromosome?

A

Two daughter cells have an X chromosome and two daughter cells have a Y chromosome

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25
Q

What is the gene combination for a male and female offspring?

A

Male = XY
Female = XX

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26
Q

What type of chromosome does the ovum contain?

A

An X chromosome

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27
Q

In avians, what type of chromosome does the male daughter cell contain?

A

All sperm cells contain a Z chromosome

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28
Q

In avians, what type of chromosome does the female ovum contain?

A

The ovum can contain wither a W or Z chromosome, so the ovum determines sex in avians

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29
Q

What is the difference in shape among early and fully formed spermatids?

A

Spermatids are round, immobile cells when first produced, but are mobile and have a head and a tail when fully formed

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30
Q

What does the head of the spermatid consist of?

A

The nucleus, which has condensed genetic material, and an acrosome, which is a membranous sac directly below the plasma membrane at the tip of the head and extends over the nucleus

31
Q

What does the tail of the spermatid consist of?

A

A central core of microtubules and filaments that provide motility

32
Q

What is in the middle piece of the tail of the spermatid?

A

A dense collection of mitochondria that provide energy for motility

33
Q

What is within the acrosome?

A

Hydrolytic (reacts with water) enzymes like acrosin and hyaluronidase

34
Q

What do some of the enzymes in the acrosome do?

A

They are released during fertilization to help the fusion of male and female gametes

35
Q

What is the release of enzymes from the acrosome during fertilization called?

A

The acrosome reaction

36
Q

What is the starting place for fertilization to occur?

A

The acrosome reaction

37
Q

What does the conversion of the round spermatid to the elongated spermatozoon require?

A

Reshaping of the original spermatid, synthesis and packaging of acrosomal enzymes, organization of microtubules, and elimination of excess cytoplasm and cell mebrane

38
Q

How do the sustentacular cells assist with the conversion of the spermatid shape?

A

They phagocytose bodies of excess cytoplasm and membrane after fully formed spermatozoa have been released

39
Q

What is the average length of spermatogenesis in farm animals?

A

Around 2 months

40
Q

How do testicular size and sperm production relate to animals that are seasonal breeders?

A

Both testicular size and sperm production increase during breeding season

41
Q

Where do fully formed spermatozoa pass through after being released from the seminiferous tubules?

A

They pass through the rete testis into the epididymis

42
Q

The epididymis is the major site of what?

A

Spermatozoa storage

43
Q

Where is most spermatozoa contained within each epididymis?

A

Tail

44
Q

What is the structure of spermatozoa entering the head of the epididymis?

A

They are immotile and incapable of fertilization since their tail hasn’t been fully formed yet

45
Q

When do spermatozoa acquire the capacity for motility and fertilization?

A

During their passage through the epididymis

46
Q

What do the functional changes in spermatozoa that occur during their passage through the epididymis depend on?

A

They depend on epididymal secretions and the presence of male sex steroids, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone in the epididymal fluids

47
Q

What does semen consist of?

A

Spermatozoa suspended in fluid secretions of the male accessory sex organs

48
Q

What is the fluid portion of semen called and what does it do?

A

It’s called seminal plasma and it transports the spermatozoa

49
Q

What substances are included in the fluid part of the semen?

A

Electrolytes, fructose, citric acid, and sorbitol

50
Q

What is the function of the substances in the seminal plasma?

A

They provide a favorable environment that allows sperm to survive and creates an environment in the female that supports semen

51
Q

What is the function of fructose in the seminal plasma?

A

It is a potential source of energy for the spermatozoa

52
Q

What are the characteristics of semen that are evaluated and appear to have correlation with potential fertility?

A

Motility characteristics, morphologic shape, and concentration of spermatozoa per mL of semen

53
Q

What needs to be added to semen to divide the semen sample into breeding doses and freeze it for long term storage?

A

Cryoprotectants to increase the volume and protect the spermatozoa

54
Q

Different species’ semen responds differently to the freezing process, what does this imply about the spermatozoa from different species?

A

The spermatozoa have unique metabolic and/or structural differences depending on species

55
Q

What type of hormones are follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)?

A

Glycoprotein hormones

56
Q

Where do follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) originate from?

A

Adenohypophysis/Anterior pituitary gland

57
Q

What are the primary endocrine regulators of testicular function?

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

58
Q

Why are FSH and LH considered gonadotropins?

A

Because their overall effect is to stimulate testicular function

59
Q

What does FSH act on?

A

Germ cells in the seminiferous tubules and sustentacular cells

60
Q

What is the function of FSH acting on sustentacular cells?

A

Supports the development of spermatozoa

61
Q

What does LH act on?

A

Testicular interstitial cells

62
Q

What is the function of LH acting on interstitial cells?

A

Promotes the secretion of androgens, mainly testosterone, which is necessary to complete spermatogenesis

63
Q

What hormone do the sustentacular cells produce when FSH binds to them?

A

Inhibin

64
Q

What hormone do the interstitial cells produce when LH binds to them?

A

Testosterone

65
Q

Where is gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) released from?

A

Hypothalamus

66
Q

What is the function of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)?

A

To stimulate the release of FSH and LH from the gonadotropes of the adenohypophysis/anterior pituitary gland

67
Q

What regulates gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)?

A

Negative feedback to the hypothalamus, provided by the testosterone produced by the LH stimulating the interstitial cells

68
Q

How is LH regulated?

A

By stopping the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).

Testosterone also has direct effects on the adenohypophysis/anterior pituitary gland that directly suppresses LH release

69
Q

How is FSH regulated?

A

By stopping the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Inhibin also has a negative feedback effect on the adenohypophysis/anterior pituitary gland that suppresses FSH release

70
Q

What type of hormone is testosterone and what does it do?

A

Testosterone is a steroid hormone that enters a target cell to exert effects

71
Q

What happens to testosterone inside target cells?

A

It is converted to dihydrotestosterone, which binds to intracellular receptors

72
Q

Besides maturation of spermatozoa, what is the function of testosterone?

A

It promotes development and function of male accessory sex organs, causes development of secondary sex characteristics, and promotes male sexual behavior

73
Q

What is libido?

A

Sex drive

74
Q
A

Animal Science (12 decks)

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