Muscular System Flashcards
Definition: Joint
A place where two or more bones meet
Ball and socket examples
Shoulder and Hip
Hinge examples
Knee, elbow, ankle
Condyloid examples
Wrist
Wrist flexion : Agonist/ antagonist
Ag- Wrist flexors
Ant- Wrist extensors
Ankle plantar flexion : agonist / antagonist
Soleus
Tibialis anterior
Elbow flexion : agonist/ antagonist
Bicep brachii
tricep brachii
Knee extenstion : agonist/ antagonist
rectus femoris
bicep femoris
Shoulder flexion: agonist/ antagonist
anterior deltoid
posterior deltoid
Shoulder extension: Agonist/ antagonist
posterior deltoid
anterior deltoid
Shoulder adduction: agonist/ antagonist
Latissimus dorsi
middle deltoid
Shoulder abduction: agonist/ antagonist
middle deltoid
lattimus dorsi
Shoulder horizontal flexion : agonist/ antagonist
pectoralis major
posterior deltoid
Shoulder horizontal extenstion: agonist/ antagonist
posterior deltoid
pectorals major
Shoulder medial rotation: agonist/ antagonist
teres major
teres minor
Shoulder lateral rotation : agonist/ antagonist
teres minor
teres major
Hip flexion: agonist/ antagonist
Illiopsoas
gluteus maximus
Hip extension: agonist/ antagonist
gluteus maximus
Illiopsoas
Hip medial rotation: agonist/ antagonist
gluteus medias
gluteus maximus
Hip lateral rotation: agonist/ antagonist
gluteus maximus
gluteus medias
What is the frontal plane
Splits the body into front and back eg cartwheel
What is the transverse plane
Splits the body into top and bottom
What is the sagittal plane
Splits the body into left and right eg running forward
What is the agonist muscle
The muscle that contracts to create movement (prime mover)
What is the antagonist muscle
the muscle that relaxes to allow for movement
What is a fixator
Stabilises the joint
What is isotonic contraction
Contractions that result in movement
What is isometric contraction
Contractions in a static postion eg a plank
What is concentric contraction
muscle shorterns as it contracts
What is eccentric contraction
muscle lengthens as it contracts
What is the all or none law?
A muscle fibre will either fully contract or not at all
What leads to stimulation of a muscle fibre
Neuron sends an action potential down axon
reaches synaptic cleft - acetylcholine produced
enough acetylcholine = action potential will pass over muscle fibre and it will contract fully
What is a motor unit
a neuron and its muscle fibre
What are fast glycolytic muscle fibres
Low resistance to fatigue
Fast contraction
High power of contraction
What are fast oxidative glycolytic muscle fibres
Medium resistance to fatigue
fast contraction
high power of contraction
What are slow oxidative muscle fibres
high resistance to fatigue
slow contraction
low power of contraction
Synovial fluid structure?
lubricating liquid contained within the joint cavity
structure of ligament
a tough band of slightly elastic connective tissue
Function of ligament
connects bone to bone and stabilises joints during movement
Articular cartilage structure?
smooth tissue which covers the surface of articulating bones
Articular cartilage function?
absorbs shock and allows friction free movement
Joint capsule structure
a fibrous sac with an inner synovial membrane
joint capsule function
encloses and strengths the joint secreting synovial fluid
What is flexion
movement which decreases the angle at a joint
What is extension
movement which increases the angle of a joint
What is dorsi flexion
movement at the ankle joint as the toes move up
What is plantar flexion
movement at the ankle joint as toes move down
What is abduction
movement of the limbs away from the midline of the body
What is adduction
movement of the limbs towards the midline of the body
What is horizontal extension
movement of the limbs away from the midline of the body paralel to the ground
What is horizontal flexion
movement of the limbs towards the midline of the body parallel to the ground
What is rotation
where articulating bones turn about their longitudinal axis
What is a tendon
a fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
What is a fixator
a muscle that stabilises one part of a body while another moves
What is antagonist muscle action
Paired muscle action
as antagonist muscle shortens to create movement— the antagonist lengthens to co-ordinate action
What is DOMS
delayed onset of muscular soreness
pain and stiffness felt in the muscle which peaks 24-72 hours after exercise, associated with eccentric contracions
What is movement analysis
analysis of the type and cause of bodily movement, including knowldge of joint type, articulating bones, movement pattern, antagonist and agonist muscle action and contraction type
What is a motor neuron
A nerve cell which conducts a nerve impulse to a group of muscle fibres
What is a motor unit
a motor neuron and the muscle fibres stimulated by its axon
What is action potential
positive electric charge inside the nerve and muscle cells which impulse down the neutron and muscle fibre
Structure and function of a bursa
A closed fluid-filled sac found where tendons rub over bones
to reduce friction between tendons and bones
What is the sagital plane
Lies vertically
divides the body into left and right parts from the medial to the lateral
What is the frontal plane
Divides body from front to back
Transverse plane
lies horizontally
divides body into superior and inferior parts
What is isotonic contraction
muscular contraction which changes length during its contraction
This can occur in two ways— eccentric and concentric
What is concentric contraction
muscular contraction which shortens while producing tension
What is eccentric contraction
muscular contraction which lengthens while producing tension
What is isometric contraction
muscle contracts but remains the same length while producing tension
What is movement analysis
analysis of the type and cause of bodily movement, including knowledge of the joint type, articulating bones, movement pattern, agonist and antagonist muscle action and contraction type
What is a motor neuron
A nerve cell which conducts a nerve impulse to a group of muscle fibres
What is a motor unit
A motor neuron and the muscle fibres stimulated by its axon
What is action potenial
positive electric charge inside the nerve and muscle cells which impulse down the neutron and the muscle fibre
What is a neurontransmitter
a chemical (acetylcholine) produced and secreted by a neutron which transmits the nerve impulse across the synaptic cleft to the muscle fibre
What is the all or none law
depending on whether the stimulus is above a threshold, all muscle fibres will give a complete contraction or no contraction at all
Slow oxidative muscle fibres
A type of muscle fibre rich in mitochondria, myoglobin and capillaries which produces a small amount of force over a long period of time
Fast glycolytic muscle fibre
a type of muscle fibre rich in phosphocreatine which produces a maximal force over a short period of time
Phosphocreatine (pc)
A high- energy compound stored in the muscle cell used as a fuel for high intensity energy production (ATP-PC system)
Mitochondria
A structure in the sarcoplasm responsible for aerobic energy production
Myoglobin
A protein in the muscle responsible for transporting oxygen to the mitochondria
Aerobic work
Low intensity, long-during exerise in the presence of oxygen
Anerobic work
High-intensity, short-duration exerise in the absence of oxygen
What is work: relief : ratio
The volume of relief in relation to the volume of work performance
Ankle- Dorsi-flexion
joint type
articulating bones
movement in which plane
agonist muscle
practical application
joint type- hinge
articulating bones- tibia, fibula
movement- sagittal plane
agonist muscle- tibialis anterior
practical application- contemporary
dancer using feet- extended legs etc
Ankle- plantar-flexion
joint type
articulating bones
movement in which plane
agonist muscle
practical application
joint type- hinge joint
articulating bones- tibia, fibula
movement- sagittal plane
agonist muscle-gastrocnemius and soleus
practical application- contempoary dancer
Knee- flexion
joint type
articulating bones
movement and in which plane
agonist muscle
practical application
joint type- hinge
articulating bones- femur and tibia
movement in which plane- flexion - sagittal
agonist muscle- bicep femoris, semitendinosus and semimembranosus (hamdstring group)
practical application- lifting leg to kick ball
Knee- extension
joint type
articulating bones
movement and in which plane
agonist muscle
practical application
Knee- extension
joint type-hinge
articulating bones- femur and tibia
movement and in which plane- sagittal
agonist muscle- rectus femoris,, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius and vastus medialis (quadriceps group)
practical application- extending knee to generate power and kick ball
Hip- flexion
joint type
articulating bones
movement and in which plane
agonist muscle
practical application
joint type- ball and socket
articulating bones- pelvic girdle and femur
movement and in which plane- sagittal
agonist muscle- Iliopsoas
practical application- bringing knee closer to chest
Hip- extension
joint type
articulating bones
movement and in which plane
agonist muscle
practical application
Hip- extension
joint type- ball and socket
articulating bones- pelvic girdle and femur
movement and in which plane- sagittal
agonist muscle- Gluteus maximus
practical application- romanian deadlifts
Hip- adduction
joint type
articulating bones
movement and in which plane
agonist muscle
practical application
joint type-ball and socket
articulating bones- pelvic girdle and femur
movement and in which plane- frontal plane
agonist muscle- adductor longus, adductor brevis and adductor magnus
practical application- star jumps on inward phase
Hip- abduction
joint type
articulating bones
movement and in which plane
agonist muscle
practical application
joint type- ball and socket
articulating bones- femur and pelvic girdle
movement and in which plane- frontal
agonist muscle- gluteus medius and gluteus minimus
practical application- star jump outward phase
Hip-Medial rotation
joint type
articulating bones
movement and in which plane
agonist muscle
practical application
joint type-ball and socket
articulating bones- femur, pelvic girdle
movement and in which plane- transverse
agonist muscle- gluteus maximus and minimus
practical application- turning hip inward when doing a kick in karate
Hip lateral rotation
joint type
articulating bones
movement and in which plane
agonist muscle
practical application
joint type- ball and socket
articulating bones- femur, pelvic girdle
movement and in which plane- transverse
agonist muscle- gluteus maximus
practical application- a ballet dancer turning out her thighs in first position
Shoulder- flexion
joint type
articulating bones
movement and in which plane
agonist muscle
practical application
joint type- ball and socket
articulating bones- humerus and scapula
movement and in which plane- sagittal
agonist muscle- anterior deltoid
practical application- end of a bowl in rounders
Shoulder- flexion
joint type
articulating bones
movement and in which plane
agonist muscle
practical application
joint type- ball and socket
articulating bones- humerus and scapula
movement and in which plane- sagittal
agonist muscle- posterior deltoid
practical application- end of a pull stroke in front crawl
Shoulder- adduction
joint type
articulating bones
movement and in which plane
agonist muscle
practical application
joint type- ball and socket
articulating bones- humerus and scapula
movement and in which plane- frontal
agonist muscle- latissimus dorsi
practical application- jumping jacks
Shoulder- abduction
joint type
articulating bones
movement and in which plane
agonist muscle
practical application
joint type- ball and socket
articulating bones- humerus and scapula
movement and in which plane- frontal
agonist muscle- middle deltoid
practical application- lifting weight upwards keeping arms straight
Shoulder- horizontal flexion
joint type
articulating bones
movement and in which plane
agonist muscle
practical application
joint type- ball and socket
articulating bones- humerus and scapula
movement and in which plane- transverse
agonist muscle- pectoralis major
practical application- bringing arm toward midline of body and across chest- throwing- tennis forehand shot
Shoulder-horizontal extension
joint type
articulating bones
movement and in which plane
agonist muscle
practical application
joint type- ball and socket
articulating bones- scapula, humerus
movement and in which plane- transverse
agonist muscle- posterior deltoid and teres minor
practical application- tennis backhand-
Shoulder- medial rotation
joint type
articulating bones
movement and in which plane
agonist muscle
practical application
joint type- ball and socket
articulating bones- humerus, scapula
movement and in which plane- transverse
agonist muscle- teres major and subscapularis
practical application- bringing arm across body with bent elbow- inward phase of breastroke
Shoulder- lateral rotation
joint type
articulating bones
movement and in which plane
agonist muscle
practical application
joint type- ball and socket
articulating bones- humerus,scapula
movement and in which plane- transverse
agonist muscle- teres minor and infraspinatous
practical application-outward movement of swimming stroke
Elbow- flexion
joint type
articulating bones
movement and in which plane
agonist muscle
practical application
joint type- hinge
articulating bones- humerus , radius ad ulna
movement and in which plane- sagittal
agonist muscle- biceps brachii
practical application- bicep curl
Elbow- extension
joint type
articulating bones
movement and in which plane
agonist muscle
practical application
joint type- hinge
articulating bones- humerus , raidus and ulna
movement and in which plane- sagittal
agonist muscle- triceps brachii
practical application- downwards phase of a bicep curl
What is a motor neuron
A nerve cell which conducts a nerve impulse to a group of muscle fibres
What is a motor unit
a motor neruron and the muscle fibres stimulated by its axon
What is action potential
positive electrical charge inside the nerve and muscle cells which conducts the nerve impulse down the neuron and into the muscle fibre
What is a neurotransmitter
a chemical (acetylcholine) produced and secreted by a neuron which transmits the nerve impulse across the synaptic cleft to the muscle fibre
All-or-none-law
depending on whether the stimulus is above a threshold, all muscle fibres will give a complete contraction or no contraction at all
What is the motor unit flow chart
1- nerve impulse initiated in the motor neuron cell body
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2- nerve impulse conducted down the axon of the motor neuron by a nerve action potential to the synaptic cleft
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3-Neurotransmitter called acetylcholine is secreted into the synaptic cleft to conduct the nerve impulse across the gap
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4- If the electrical charge is above a threshold, the muscle fibre will contract
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5- This happens in an ‘all or none’ fashion
Types of muscle fibres
1- slow oxidative
2- fast oxidative
3- fast glycolytic
What are slow oxidative muscle fibres
a type of fibre rich in mitochondria, myoglobin and capillaries which produces a small amount of force over a long period of time
structurally designed to store oxygen in myoglobin and process oxygen in the mitochondria, which allow them to work aerobically
produce small amount of force
resistant for fatigue
What are fast glycolytic muscle fibres
a type of muscle fibre rich in phosphocreatine which produces a maximal force over a short period of time
work anerobically
rapid energy production
largest amount of force
fatigue quickly
last short amount of time
What are fast glycolytic muscle fibres
structurally designed to produce a large amount of force quickly
capacity to resist fatigue
eg 800m, will see athletes with a high percentage of fast oxidative glycolytic fibres
Structural characteristics of slow oxidative
Neuron size- small
Fibres per neuron- few
Capilary density- high
Mitochondria density- high
Myoglobin content- high
Phosphocreatine- low
Structural characteristics of fast oxidative
Neuron size- large
Fibres per neuron- many
Capilary density- high
Mitochondria density- moderte
Myoglobin content- moderate
Phosphocreatine- high
Structural characteristics of fast glycolytic
Neuron size- large
Fibres per neuron- many
Capilary density- low
Mitochondria density- low
Myoglobin content- low
Phosphocreatine- high
Functional characteristics of slow oxidative
speed of contraction- slow
force of contraction- low
fatigue resistance- high
aerobic capacity- high
anaerobic capacity-low
Functional characteristics of fast oxidative glycolytic
speed of contraction- fast
force of contraction- high
fatigue resistance- moderate
aerobic capacity- moderate
anaerobic capacity- moderate
Functional characteristics of fast glycolytic
speed of contraction- fast
force of contraction- high
fatigue resistance- low
aerobic capacity-low
anaerobic capacity- high
Highest percentage of slow oxidative muscle fibres in sports
Endurance athletes:
marathon
triathlon
cross-country/ skiing
Highest percentage of fast oxidative glycolytic fibres
High- intensity athletes
800-1500m
200m freestyle
Highest percentage of fast glycolytic
explosive athletes
60-100m sprinting
javelin
long term
What is the work relief ratio of slow oxidative fibres
1:1 or 1:0.5
What is work relief ratio
the volume of relief in relation to the volume of work performed
What is maximal weight training relief ratio
1:3+
with 3-5 mins of rest between sets of just 2-6 reps
