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Pe A-level HK > Muscular System > Flashcards

Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

Definition: Joint

A

A place where two or more bones meet

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2
Q

Ball and socket examples

A

Shoulder and Hip

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3
Q

Hinge examples

A

Knee, elbow, ankle

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4
Q

Condyloid examples

A

Wrist

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5
Q

Wrist flexion : Agonist/ antagonist

A

Ag- Wrist flexors
Ant- Wrist extensors

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6
Q

Ankle plantar flexion : agonist / antagonist

A

Soleus
Tibialis anterior

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7
Q

Elbow flexion : agonist/ antagonist

A

Bicep brachii
tricep brachii

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8
Q

Knee extenstion : agonist/ antagonist

A

rectus femoris
bicep femoris

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9
Q

Shoulder flexion: agonist/ antagonist

A

anterior deltoid
posterior deltoid

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10
Q

Shoulder extension: Agonist/ antagonist

A

posterior deltoid
anterior deltoid

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11
Q

Shoulder adduction: agonist/ antagonist

A

Latissimus dorsi
middle deltoid

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12
Q

Shoulder abduction: agonist/ antagonist

A

middle deltoid
lattimus dorsi

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13
Q

Shoulder horizontal flexion : agonist/ antagonist

A

pectoralis major
posterior deltoid

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14
Q

Shoulder horizontal extenstion: agonist/ antagonist

A

posterior deltoid
pectorals major

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15
Q

Shoulder medial rotation: agonist/ antagonist

A

teres major
teres minor

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16
Q

Shoulder lateral rotation : agonist/ antagonist

A

teres minor
teres major

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17
Q

Hip flexion: agonist/ antagonist

A

Illiopsoas
gluteus maximus

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18
Q

Hip extension: agonist/ antagonist

A

gluteus maximus
Illiopsoas

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19
Q

Hip medial rotation: agonist/ antagonist

A

gluteus medias
gluteus maximus

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20
Q

Hip lateral rotation: agonist/ antagonist

A

gluteus maximus
gluteus medias

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21
Q

What is the frontal plane

A

Splits the body into front and back eg cartwheel

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22
Q

What is the transverse plane

A

Splits the body into top and bottom

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23
Q

What is the sagittal plane

A

Splits the body into left and right eg running forward

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24
Q

What is the agonist muscle

A

The muscle that contracts to create movement (prime mover)

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25
Q

What is the antagonist muscle

A

the muscle that relaxes to allow for movement

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26
Q

What is a fixator

A

Stabilises the joint

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27
Q

What is isotonic contraction

A

Contractions that result in movement

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28
Q

What is isometric contraction

A

Contractions in a static postion eg a plank

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29
Q

What is concentric contraction

A

muscle shorterns as it contracts

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30
Q

What is eccentric contraction

A

muscle lengthens as it contracts

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31
Q

What is the all or none law?

A

A muscle fibre will either fully contract or not at all

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32
Q

What leads to stimulation of a muscle fibre

A

Neuron sends an action potential down axon
reaches synaptic cleft - acetylcholine produced
enough acetylcholine = action potential will pass over muscle fibre and it will contract fully

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33
Q

What is a motor unit

A

a neuron and its muscle fibre

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34
Q

What are fast glycolytic muscle fibres

A

Low resistance to fatigue
Fast contraction
High power of contraction

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35
Q

What are fast oxidative glycolytic muscle fibres

A

Medium resistance to fatigue
fast contraction
high power of contraction

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36
Q

What are slow oxidative muscle fibres

A

high resistance to fatigue
slow contraction
low power of contraction

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37
Q

Synovial fluid structure?

A

lubricating liquid contained within the joint cavity

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38
Q

structure of ligament

A

a tough band of slightly elastic connective tissue

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39
Q

Function of ligament

A

connects bone to bone and stabilises joints during movement

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40
Q

Articular cartilage structure?

A

smooth tissue which covers the surface of articulating bones

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41
Q

Articular cartilage function?

A

absorbs shock and allows friction free movement

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42
Q

Joint capsule structure

A

a fibrous sac with an inner synovial membrane

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43
Q

joint capsule function

A

encloses and strengths the joint secreting synovial fluid

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44
Q

What is flexion

A

movement which decreases the angle at a joint

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45
Q

What is extension

A

movement which increases the angle of a joint

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46
Q

What is dorsi flexion

A

movement at the ankle joint as the toes move up

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47
Q

What is plantar flexion

A

movement at the ankle joint as toes move down

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48
Q

What is abduction

A

movement of the limbs away from the midline of the body

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49
Q

What is adduction

A

movement of the limbs towards the midline of the body

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50
Q

What is horizontal extension

A

movement of the limbs away from the midline of the body paralel to the ground

51
Q

What is horizontal flexion

A

movement of the limbs towards the midline of the body parallel to the ground

52
Q

What is rotation

A

where articulating bones turn about their longitudinal axis

53
Q

What is a tendon

A

a fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

54
Q

What is a fixator

A

a muscle that stabilises one part of a body while another moves

55
Q

What is antagonist muscle action

A

Paired muscle action
as antagonist muscle shortens to create movement— the antagonist lengthens to co-ordinate action

56
Q

What is DOMS

A

delayed onset of muscular soreness

pain and stiffness felt in the muscle which peaks 24-72 hours after exercise, associated with eccentric contracions

57
Q

What is movement analysis

A

analysis of the type and cause of bodily movement, including knowldge of joint type, articulating bones, movement pattern, antagonist and agonist muscle action and contraction type

58
Q

What is a motor neuron

A

A nerve cell which conducts a nerve impulse to a group of muscle fibres

59
Q

What is a motor unit

A

a motor neuron and the muscle fibres stimulated by its axon

60
Q

What is action potential

A

positive electric charge inside the nerve and muscle cells which impulse down the neutron and muscle fibre

61
Q

Structure and function of a bursa

A

A closed fluid-filled sac found where tendons rub over bones

to reduce friction between tendons and bones

62
Q

What is the sagital plane

A

Lies vertically

divides the body into left and right parts from the medial to the lateral

63
Q

What is the frontal plane

A

Divides body from front to back

64
Q

Transverse plane

A

lies horizontally

divides body into superior and inferior parts

65
Q

What is isotonic contraction

A

muscular contraction which changes length during its contraction

This can occur in two ways— eccentric and concentric

66
Q

What is concentric contraction

A

muscular contraction which shortens while producing tension

67
Q

What is eccentric contraction

A

muscular contraction which lengthens while producing tension

68
Q

What is isometric contraction

A

muscle contracts but remains the same length while producing tension

69
Q

What is movement analysis

A

analysis of the type and cause of bodily movement, including knowledge of the joint type, articulating bones, movement pattern, agonist and antagonist muscle action and contraction type

70
Q

What is a motor neuron

A

A nerve cell which conducts a nerve impulse to a group of muscle fibres

71
Q

What is a motor unit

A

A motor neuron and the muscle fibres stimulated by its axon

72
Q

What is action potenial

A

positive electric charge inside the nerve and muscle cells which impulse down the neutron and the muscle fibre

73
Q

What is a neurontransmitter

A

a chemical (acetylcholine) produced and secreted by a neutron which transmits the nerve impulse across the synaptic cleft to the muscle fibre

74
Q

What is the all or none law

A

depending on whether the stimulus is above a threshold, all muscle fibres will give a complete contraction or no contraction at all

75
Q

Slow oxidative muscle fibres

A

A type of muscle fibre rich in mitochondria, myoglobin and capillaries which produces a small amount of force over a long period of time

76
Q

Fast glycolytic muscle fibre

A

a type of muscle fibre rich in phosphocreatine which produces a maximal force over a short period of time

77
Q

Phosphocreatine (pc)

A

A high- energy compound stored in the muscle cell used as a fuel for high intensity energy production (ATP-PC system)

78
Q

Mitochondria

A

A structure in the sarcoplasm responsible for aerobic energy production

79
Q

Myoglobin

A

A protein in the muscle responsible for transporting oxygen to the mitochondria

80
Q

Aerobic work

A

Low intensity, long-during exerise in the presence of oxygen

81
Q

Anerobic work

A

High-intensity, short-duration exerise in the absence of oxygen

82
Q

What is work: relief : ratio

A

The volume of relief in relation to the volume of work performance

83
Q

Ankle- Dorsi-flexion
joint type
articulating bones
movement in which plane
agonist muscle
practical application

A

joint type- hinge

articulating bones- tibia, fibula

movement- sagittal plane

agonist muscle- tibialis anterior

practical application- contemporary

dancer using feet- extended legs etc

84
Q

Ankle- plantar-flexion
joint type
articulating bones
movement in which plane
agonist muscle
practical application

A

joint type- hinge joint

articulating bones- tibia, fibula

movement- sagittal plane

agonist muscle-gastrocnemius and soleus

practical application- contempoary dancer

85
Q

Knee- flexion
joint type
articulating bones
movement and in which plane
agonist muscle
practical application

A

joint type- hinge

articulating bones- femur and tibia

movement in which plane- flexion - sagittal

agonist muscle- bicep femoris, semitendinosus and semimembranosus (hamdstring group)
practical application- lifting leg to kick ball

86
Q

Knee- extension
joint type
articulating bones
movement and in which plane
agonist muscle
practical application

A

Knee- extension
joint type-hinge

articulating bones- femur and tibia

movement and in which plane- sagittal

agonist muscle- rectus femoris,, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius and vastus medialis (quadriceps group)

practical application- extending knee to generate power and kick ball

87
Q

Hip- flexion
joint type
articulating bones
movement and in which plane
agonist muscle
practical application

A

joint type- ball and socket

articulating bones- pelvic girdle and femur

movement and in which plane- sagittal

agonist muscle- Iliopsoas

practical application- bringing knee closer to chest

88
Q

Hip- extension
joint type
articulating bones
movement and in which plane
agonist muscle
practical application

A

Hip- extension
joint type- ball and socket

articulating bones- pelvic girdle and femur

movement and in which plane- sagittal

agonist muscle- Gluteus maximus

practical application- romanian deadlifts

88
Q

Hip- adduction
joint type
articulating bones
movement and in which plane
agonist muscle
practical application

A

joint type-ball and socket

articulating bones- pelvic girdle and femur
movement and in which plane- frontal plane

agonist muscle- adductor longus, adductor brevis and adductor magnus

practical application- star jumps on inward phase

88
Q

Hip- abduction
joint type
articulating bones
movement and in which plane
agonist muscle
practical application

A

joint type- ball and socket

articulating bones- femur and pelvic girdle

movement and in which plane- frontal

agonist muscle- gluteus medius and gluteus minimus

practical application- star jump outward phase

89
Q

Hip-Medial rotation
joint type
articulating bones
movement and in which plane
agonist muscle
practical application

A

joint type-ball and socket

articulating bones- femur, pelvic girdle

movement and in which plane- transverse

agonist muscle- gluteus maximus and minimus

practical application- turning hip inward when doing a kick in karate

90
Q

Hip lateral rotation
joint type
articulating bones
movement and in which plane
agonist muscle
practical application

A

joint type- ball and socket

articulating bones- femur, pelvic girdle

movement and in which plane- transverse

agonist muscle- gluteus maximus

practical application- a ballet dancer turning out her thighs in first position

91
Q

Shoulder- flexion
joint type
articulating bones
movement and in which plane
agonist muscle
practical application

A

joint type- ball and socket

articulating bones- humerus and scapula

movement and in which plane- sagittal

agonist muscle- anterior deltoid

practical application- end of a bowl in rounders

92
Q

Shoulder- flexion
joint type
articulating bones
movement and in which plane
agonist muscle
practical application

A

joint type- ball and socket

articulating bones- humerus and scapula

movement and in which plane- sagittal

agonist muscle- posterior deltoid

practical application- end of a pull stroke in front crawl

93
Q

Shoulder- adduction
joint type
articulating bones
movement and in which plane
agonist muscle
practical application

A

joint type- ball and socket

articulating bones- humerus and scapula

movement and in which plane- frontal

agonist muscle- latissimus dorsi

practical application- jumping jacks

94
Q

Shoulder- abduction
joint type
articulating bones
movement and in which plane
agonist muscle
practical application

A

joint type- ball and socket
articulating bones- humerus and scapula

movement and in which plane- frontal

agonist muscle- middle deltoid

practical application- lifting weight upwards keeping arms straight

95
Q

Shoulder- horizontal flexion
joint type
articulating bones
movement and in which plane
agonist muscle
practical application

A

joint type- ball and socket

articulating bones- humerus and scapula

movement and in which plane- transverse

agonist muscle- pectoralis major

practical application- bringing arm toward midline of body and across chest- throwing- tennis forehand shot

96
Q

Shoulder-horizontal extension
joint type
articulating bones
movement and in which plane
agonist muscle
practical application

A

joint type- ball and socket

articulating bones- scapula, humerus

movement and in which plane- transverse

agonist muscle- posterior deltoid and teres minor

practical application- tennis backhand-

97
Q

Shoulder- medial rotation
joint type
articulating bones
movement and in which plane
agonist muscle
practical application

A

joint type- ball and socket
articulating bones- humerus, scapula

movement and in which plane- transverse

agonist muscle- teres major and subscapularis

practical application- bringing arm across body with bent elbow- inward phase of breastroke

98
Q

Shoulder- lateral rotation
joint type
articulating bones
movement and in which plane
agonist muscle
practical application

A

joint type- ball and socket

articulating bones- humerus,scapula

movement and in which plane- transverse

agonist muscle- teres minor and infraspinatous

practical application-outward movement of swimming stroke

99
Q

Elbow- flexion
joint type
articulating bones
movement and in which plane
agonist muscle
practical application

A

joint type- hinge

articulating bones- humerus , radius ad ulna

movement and in which plane- sagittal

agonist muscle- biceps brachii

practical application- bicep curl

100
Q

Elbow- extension
joint type
articulating bones
movement and in which plane
agonist muscle
practical application

A

joint type- hinge

articulating bones- humerus , raidus and ulna

movement and in which plane- sagittal

agonist muscle- triceps brachii

practical application- downwards phase of a bicep curl

101
Q

What is a motor neuron

A

A nerve cell which conducts a nerve impulse to a group of muscle fibres

102
Q

What is a motor unit

A

a motor neruron and the muscle fibres stimulated by its axon

103
Q

What is action potential

A

positive electrical charge inside the nerve and muscle cells which conducts the nerve impulse down the neuron and into the muscle fibre

104
Q

What is a neurotransmitter

A

a chemical (acetylcholine) produced and secreted by a neuron which transmits the nerve impulse across the synaptic cleft to the muscle fibre

105
Q

All-or-none-law

A

depending on whether the stimulus is above a threshold, all muscle fibres will give a complete contraction or no contraction at all

106
Q

What is the motor unit flow chart

A

1- nerve impulse initiated in the motor neuron cell body
|
2- nerve impulse conducted down the axon of the motor neuron by a nerve action potential to the synaptic cleft
|
3-Neurotransmitter called acetylcholine is secreted into the synaptic cleft to conduct the nerve impulse across the gap
|
4- If the electrical charge is above a threshold, the muscle fibre will contract
|
5- This happens in an ‘all or none’ fashion

107
Q

Types of muscle fibres

A

1- slow oxidative
2- fast oxidative
3- fast glycolytic

108
Q

What are slow oxidative muscle fibres

A

a type of fibre rich in mitochondria, myoglobin and capillaries which produces a small amount of force over a long period of time

structurally designed to store oxygen in myoglobin and process oxygen in the mitochondria, which allow them to work aerobically

produce small amount of force
resistant for fatigue

109
Q

What are fast glycolytic muscle fibres

A

a type of muscle fibre rich in phosphocreatine which produces a maximal force over a short period of time

work anerobically
rapid energy production
largest amount of force
fatigue quickly
last short amount of time

110
Q

What are fast glycolytic muscle fibres

A

structurally designed to produce a large amount of force quickly
capacity to resist fatigue
eg 800m, will see athletes with a high percentage of fast oxidative glycolytic fibres

111
Q

Structural characteristics of slow oxidative

A

Neuron size- small
Fibres per neuron- few
Capilary density- high
Mitochondria density- high
Myoglobin content- high
Phosphocreatine- low

112
Q

Structural characteristics of fast oxidative

A

Neuron size- large
Fibres per neuron- many
Capilary density- high
Mitochondria density- moderte
Myoglobin content- moderate
Phosphocreatine- high

113
Q

Structural characteristics of fast glycolytic

A

Neuron size- large
Fibres per neuron- many
Capilary density- low
Mitochondria density- low
Myoglobin content- low
Phosphocreatine- high

114
Q

Functional characteristics of slow oxidative

A

speed of contraction- slow
force of contraction- low
fatigue resistance- high
aerobic capacity- high
anaerobic capacity-low

115
Q

Functional characteristics of fast oxidative glycolytic

A

speed of contraction- fast
force of contraction- high
fatigue resistance- moderate
aerobic capacity- moderate
anaerobic capacity- moderate

116
Q

Functional characteristics of fast glycolytic

A

speed of contraction- fast
force of contraction- high
fatigue resistance- low
aerobic capacity-low
anaerobic capacity- high

117
Q

Highest percentage of slow oxidative muscle fibres in sports

A

Endurance athletes:
marathon
triathlon
cross-country/ skiing

118
Q

Highest percentage of fast oxidative glycolytic fibres

A

High- intensity athletes
800-1500m
200m freestyle

119
Q

Highest percentage of fast glycolytic

A

explosive athletes
60-100m sprinting
javelin
long term

120
Q

What is the work relief ratio of slow oxidative fibres

A

1:1 or 1:0.5

121
Q

What is work relief ratio

A

the volume of relief in relation to the volume of work performed

122
Q

What is maximal weight training relief ratio

A

1:3+
with 3-5 mins of rest between sets of just 2-6 reps

Pe A-level HK (6 decks)

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