Cardiovascular & Respiratory Syetm Flashcards
Define heart rate
The amount of times your heart beats per minute
Define stroke volume
The volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle of the heart during each beat
Define cardiac output
The amount of blood ejected from the heart per minute
Formula for cardiac output
HR X SV = Q
What is the heart rate of an untrained performer at rest
70-72bpm
What is the stroke volume of an untrained person at rest
70ml
What is the cardiac output of an untrained person at rest
5 l/min
What is the heart rate of a trained person at rest
50bpm
What is the stroke volume of a trained person at rest
100ml
What is the cardiac output of a trained person at rest
5 L/min
What is the diastole phase of the cardiac cycle
The relaxation phase where the heart fills with blood
What is the atrial systole phase of the cardiac cycle
The atria contracts which forces remaining blood into ventricles
What is ventricular systole in the cardiac cycle
Where the ventricles contact, increasing pressure which closes the av valves to prevent back flow
What is the conduction system
SA node
Av node
Bundle of his
Bundle branches
Purkyne fibres
Explain the conduction system- SA NODE
SA node- sino atrial node- hearts pacemaker, initiating electrical impulses at rest
it fires an impulse causing atrial systole.
To help remember- imagine a director in a tv sow sets everything in motion and everyone follows.
Explain the conduction system- Av node
Atrioventricular node- bottom right of the atrium
Delays the impulse to allow the atria to fully contract before passing signal to ventricles (0.1)
this ensures maximal ventricular filling before contraction
To help remeber- eg in victorious Tori acts as the AV node making sure everyone understands Sikowitz instructions, before continuing scene. Without her would be chaotic.
Explain the conduction system- bundle of his
in the septum between the ventricles
Transmits the impulse down the ventricles through left and right bundle branches
To help remember- imagine Andrre in victorious- hes the stage crew making sure all instruments and equiptment is all wired correcly so performance can run smoothly- just like the bundle of his ensures signals reach right part of heart.
Explain the conduction system- bundle braches
run along the septum
transmit electrical impulses down towards purkinje fibres, ensuring both ventricles contract simultaneously for efficient blood ejection
left bundle branch- left ventricle
right bundle brach into right ventricle
To help remember- think of Beck and Robbie in victorious. Work backstage to ensure a smooth performance. Work together
Beck- handles big picture responisibilites (like left ventricle - pumps blood to whole body)
Robbie- focus on smaller details (sending blood to lungs.
Explain the conduction system- Purkinje fibres
Throughout ventricular walls
The impulse spreads through the Purkinje fibres, causing ventricular systole (ventricles contract ejecting blood to lungs and body)
To help remember think of Jade and Cat in victorious. They are the final part of the big performance- delivering the BIG finish- just like the Purkinje fibres trigger ventricles to contract powerfully
What is the HR of an untrained person during exercise (sub maximal)
100-130bpm
What is the SV of an untrained person during exercise (sub maximal)
100-120ml
What is the CO (Q) of an untrained person during exercise (sub maximal)
10-15 l/min
What is the HR of an untrained person during exercise (maximal)
220-age
What is the SV of an untrained person during exercise (maximal)
100-120ml
What is the CO (Q) of an untrained person during exercise (maximal)
20-30 l/ min
What is the cardiac control centre (CCC), and where is it located
Located in the medulla oblongata and is responsible for regulating HR
It works by sending signals to the SA node to either speed up or slow down heart rate- depending on body need.
Two main branches:
Sympathetic nervous system - increase HR
Parasympathetic nervous system- decreases HR
To help remember- think of Hey Jessie!- Jessie controls the chaos in the house like the CCC controls heart and monitors signals from the body to deicde what to do with heart rate
What is the sympathetic nervous system
The CCC activates the SNS to increase heart rate
sends signals via the accelerator nerve to the SA node, making the heart beat stronger and faster
imagine emma and luke decide to throw a crazy party- Jessie realises she has to increase control (just like SNS increases hr during activity
What is the parasympathetic nervous system
When exersise endds- CCC activates the PNS to slwo down heart rate via the vagus nerve
this helps return the body to resting levels
to help remember- imagine after the crazy dance party emma and luke hosted- Ravi and Zuri try to bring things back to normal by calmig everyoe down.
Jessie sees that the chaos is over (activates PNS, slows down HR,
What is venous return
Volume of blood that returns from the body to the heart
What is the Frank starling mechanism
SV is dependent on VR
Increased SV leads to an increased stretch on ventricle walls and therefore force of contraction
How does neural control regulate heart rate
Chemoreceptors- detect chemical change
Baroreceptors- stretch on vessel walls and change in blood pressure
Proprioceptors- motor activity
How does intrinsic control regulate HR
Temperature
Venous return
How’s does hormonal control regulate HR
Adrenaline and Noradrenaline
What is the sympathetic Nervous system
Responsible for increasing heart rate (especially during exercise)
What is the parasympathetic nervous system
Responsible for decreasing heart rate during recovery
What is the vascular shunt mechanism
Redistribution of blood flow from one area to another
What is vasodilation
is the widening of a blood vessel to increase the volume of blood delivered to active areas.
What is vasoconstriction
Vasoconstriction is the narrowing of the blood vessel to restrict the volume of blood
What is the VCC
Vascular Control centre
Responsible for the distribution of CO
What are the 5 mechanisms of venous return
1 pocket valves
2- smooth muscles
Gravity
Muscle pump
Respiration pump
What do pocket valves do
Prevent Back flow of blood
What is a negative of pocket valves
Blood pooling
What do smooth muscles do (venous return)
Vasoconstricts to create vasomotor tone which aids the movement of blood back to the heart
What are pre-capillary sphincters
Rings of smooth muscle at the junction between arteries and capillaries- to control blood flow
What is the primary aim of the respiratory system
To bring blood into contact with atmospheric air so that o2 can be taken in and co2 removed
What is primary ventilation
Breathing air in and out of lungs
What is external respiration
Exchange of o2 and co2 between the lungs and blood
What is internal respiration
Exchange of o2 and co2 between blood and the muscles
How is oxygen carried
Haemoglobin and plasma
How is carbon dioxide transported
Dissolved in water
Carried in haemoglobin as carbaminohaemoglobin
What is tidal volume
Volume of blood inspired or expired per breath
What is the resting volume of tidal volume
500ml per breath
What is the change due to exercise for tidal volume
Increases up to 3.5 litres
What is breathing rate
The number of breaths taken in one minute
What is the resting volume of breathing rate
12-15 breaths
What is the change due to exercise for breathing rate
Increase : 40-60 breaths
What is minute ventilation
The volume of air inspired or expired in one minute
What is the resting volume of minute ventilation
6-7.5 l/ min
What is the change due to exercise for minute ventilation for an untrained
Increase
150 l/min
What is the change due to exercise for minute ventilation for an trained
Increase 210 l/ min
What is the equation linking breathing rate(f) tidal volume(TV)and minute ventilation (VE)
VR= TV x f
What happens in the muscles at rest during inspiration
Diaphragm contracts (active)
External intercostals contract
What happens at rest during inspiration for movement
Diaphragm flattens (pushed down )
Ribs/sternum move up and out
What happens at rest during inspiration with the Throacic cavity volume
Thoracic cavity volume increases
What happens at rest during inspiration for lung air pressure
Ling air pressure decreases below atmospheric air
What happens during inspiration
Air rushes into lungs
What happens at rest during expiration for muscles
Diaphragm relaxes (passive)
External intercostals relax
What happens at rest during expiration for movement
Diaphragm pushed upward
Ribs/ sternum move in and down
What happens at rest during expiration for the Thoracic cavity volume
Thoracic cavity volume decreases
What happens at rest during expiration for lung air pressure
Lung air pressure increases above atmospheric air
What happens at expiration
Air rushes out of the lungs
What happens whist exercising during inspiration for the muscles
Diaphragm contracts
External intercostals contract
Sternocleidomastoid contract
Scalenes contact
Pectorals minor contacts
What happens whist exercising during inspiration for movement
Diaphragm flattens with more force
Increases lifting of ribs and sternum
What happens whist exercising during inspiration for Thoracic cavity volume
Increases thoracic cavity volume
What happens whist exercising during inspiration for lung air pressure
Lower air pressure in lungs
What happens whist exercising during expiration for the muscles
Diaphragm relaxes
External & internal intercostals contract
Recuts abdominal and obliques contract
What happens whist exercising during expiration for movement
Diaphragm pushed up harder with more force
Ribs/sternum pulled in and down
What is the Pulmonary circuit
circulation of blood through the pulmonary artery to the lungs and pulmonary vein back to the heart
What is the systemic circuit
circulation of blood through the aorta to the body and vena cava back to the heart
What is oxygenated blood
blood saturated with oxygen and nutrients such as glucose
Deoxygenated blood
blood depleted of oxygen, saturated with carbon dioxide and waste products
What is the path of blood in the heart- Left side of heart
Blood is oxygenated at the lungs and brought back to the left atria through the pulmonary vein.
Oxygenated blood moves from the left atria, through the left AV valve (bicuspid) into the left ventricles to be forced out the left side of the heart into the aorta.
The aorta carries oxygenated blood to muscles and organs
What is the path of blood in the heart- Right side of heart
Deoxygenated blood from the muscles and organs arrives back at the right atria through the vena caba
It moves from the right atria, through the right AV valve (tricuspid) into the right ventricle to be forced out of the right side of the heart into the pulmonary artery
Pulmonary artery carries this deoxygenated blood to lungs
HR regulation in response to exercise - neural control
Neural control-
chemoreceptors
increased CO2 and
lactic acid levels
Proprioceptors-
increased motor
activity
Baroreceptors-
increased stretch -
on vessel walls.
HR regulation in response to exercise- intrinsic control
increased temperature
increased venous return
HR regulation in response to exercise- hormonal control
sympathetic release of adrenaline and noradrenaline
Where is the CCC located
in the medulla oblongata
What is the parasympathetic control of heart rate
vagus nerve- decreases heart rate
what is the a
sympathetic control of heart rate
accelerator nerve increases HR and force of contraction
HR response to exercise
sympathetic nervous system increases stimulation of the SA node via the accelerator nerve to increase HR
greater force of ventricular contraction increases SV.
HR x SV = co increased
HR regulation in response to recovery- neural control
chemo- increased O2 and decreased lactic acid
proprio- decreased motor activity
baro- decreased stretch on ventricle walls
hr regulation in response to recovery- hormonal control
parasympathetic inhibition of adrenaline and noradrenaline
Hr regulation in response to recovery- intrinsic control
decreased temperature
decreased venous return
HR regulation in reponse to recovery
parasympathetic nervous system decreases stimulation of the SA node via the vagus nerve to decrease HR
reduced force of ventricular contraction reduces the sv slowly
HR X SV = CO decreased
What are capillaries
bring blood slowly into close contact with the muscle ad organ cells for gaseous exchange
single layer of cells, thin enough to allow gas, nutrient and waste exchange
characteristics of arteries
large layer of smoothg muscle and elastic tissue - allowing vasodilation/constriction
ring of smooth muscle surrounding the entry of a capillary bed called capillary sphincters
What are veins and the characteristics
transport deoxygenated blood from muscle and organs bacl to heart.
small layer of smooth muscle- allowing venodilation and venoconstriction
pocket valves- prevents backflow of blood
What is vasodilation
widening of arteries, aerterioles and pre-capilary
What is vasoconstriction
narrowing of arteries, aerterolies and pre-capilary sphincters
What is venous return mechanism
The return of blood to the heart through the venules and veins back to the right atrium, largely against gravity.
At rest what happens to venous return
blood pressure and the structure of veins will maintain venous return.
During exercise what happens to venous return
a far greater demand for oxygenated blood requires a far greater venous return to increase stroke volume and therefore cardiac output
Mechanisms of venous return
1- pocket valve- One-way valves located in the veins which prevent the backflow of blood
2- smooth muscle- the layer of smooth muscle in the vein wall venoconstricts to create venomotor tone which aids the movement of blood
3- gravity. blood from upper body, above the heart, is helped to return by gravity
4- muscle pump- during exercise, skeletal muscles contract compressing the veins located between them., squeezing the blood back to the heart
5- respiratory pump- during inspiration and expiration, a pressure difference between the thorasic and abdominal cavity is created, squeezing the blood back to the heart. As exerise increases, respiratory rate, the respiratory pump is maximised
Inspiration
drawing of air into the lungs
Expiration
expelling of air from the lungs
Blood pooling
accumulation of blood in the veins due to gravitational pull and lack of venous return
What is active recovery
low-intensity activty post exercise to maintain elevated heart and breathing rates
What happens to cardiac output at rest
vast majority of oxygen and nutrient rich blood is required around the organs (aprox 75%)
What happens to cardiac output during exercise
demand from muscle for oxygen and nutrients step up and the more intense the exercise the higher the demand
What is the vascular shunt mechanism
the redistribution of blood flow from one area of the body to another is controlled by the vascular shunt mechanism
redistribution of CO around the body from rest to exercise
What are arterioles
blood vessels carrying oxygenated blood from the arteries to the capilary beds, which can vasodilated and vasocinstrict to regulate blood flow
What are pre-capilary sphincters
rings of smooth muscle at the junction between arterioles and capilaries, which can dilate or constrict to control blood flow through the capilary bed
At rest, a high percentage of cardiac output is distributed to the organs, whereas a very low percentage is distributed to the muscles
This happens because…..?
arterioles to the organs vasodilate, increasing blood flow, while arterioles to the muscles vasoconsrict to limit blood flow
pre-capilary sphincters dilate, opening up capilary beds to allow more blood flow to the organ cells, while constricting, closing the capilary beds and muscle cells
During exercise percentage of cariac output is distributed to the …………,
What do arterioles and pre-capilary sphincters do to maximise blood flow and gasesous exchange
Muscles
arterioles and pre capilary sphincters dilate to muscles and constrict to organs
What is vasomotor control
the control centre in the medulla oblongata responsible for caridac output distribution
What is vasomotor tone
the partial state of smooth muscle constriction in the aterial walls
Where does the vcc recieve information from
chemoreceptors regarding chemical changes- such as co2 and lactic acid rising during exercise
baroreceptors regarding pressure changes on arterial walls
Why does sympathetic stimulation increase
to vasoconstrict arterioles and pre-capilary sphypincters to limit blood flow to an area, such as the muscle at rest
Why does sympathetic stimulation decrease
to vasopdilate arterioles and pre-capilary sphyncyters to increase blood flow to an area, such as the muscles during exercise
What does the respiratory system consist of?
nose
series of airways
lungs and
respiratory muscles
that work together as the mechanisms for breathing for breathing and gaseous exchange
The respiratory system has two main functions
1- pulmonary ventilation: the inspiration (breathing in) and expiration (breathing out) of air
2- Gaseous exchange:
a- external respiration: the moment of oxygen into the blood stream and carbon dioxide into the lungs
b- internal respiration: the release of oxygen to respiring cells for energy production and collection of waste products
What is the alveoli
clutters of tiny air sacs covered in a dense network of capilaries which together serve as the external site for gaseous exchange
What is gaseous exchange
the movement of oxygen from the alveoli into the blood stream and carbon dioxide from the blood stream into the alveoli
What is the airflow pathway
Air enters through the nose, travels down the pharynx, layrync and trachea
Fitration and conditioning in the respiratory system
Mucous membrane and ciliated cells moisten, warm and filter the air
Lung structure
- Trachea divides into left and right bronchi
- right lung has three lobes, left lung has two
- bronchi subdivide into bronchiles, ending in alveolar ducts
Alveolar are …….. cell thick and lined with ………
one
fluid
What is haemoglobin
an iron-rich globular protein in red blood cells which can chemically combine with four O2 molecules to form oxyhaemoglobin
What is oxygen
the essential gas required for aerobic energy production in the muscle cells
What is carbon dioxide
the waste product of aerobic energy production in the muscle cells
What percentage of blood consists of cells and plasma
45% cells and 55% plasma
Finish the sentance
The greater the effiency to inspire, transport and use oxygen ….. … …… ………. .. ………
the greater the aerobic capacity to perform for long peruods of low -intensity activity
What two ways can oxygen be transported?
1- carried with haemoglobin in the red blood cells- oxyhaemoglobin (aprox 97%)
2- carried within blood plasma (aprox 3%)
What three ways can carbon dioxide be transported
1- Dissoved in water and carried as carbonic acid (aprox 70%)
2- carried within haemoglobin (aprox 23%) carbaminohaemoglobin
3- Disolved in blood plasma (aprox 7%)
What is breathing rate (f)
the number of inspirations or expirations per min
What is tidal volume (TV)
the volume of air inspired or expired per breath
What can tidal volume vary by from person to person
size of the lungs and thoracic cavity, age
gender
fitness
or respiratory condition
What is minute ventilation (VE)
the volume of air inspired or expired per minute
Formula for minute ventilation
VE = TV x f
(liters per min)
What is the breathing rate for an untrained and trained performr at rest
Untrained
12-15 breaths/min
Trained
11-12 breaths/min
What is the Tidal volume for a trained and untrained performer at rest
untrained
500ml
trained
500ml
Minute ventilation at rest for a trained and untrained performer
untraind
6-7.5l/min
trained
5.5-6l/min
Breathing rate response to exercise
f increases in proprotion to the intensoty of exericse until we approach our maximum of around 50-60 breaths per minute
In sub-maximal, steady- state exercise f can plateau due to the supply of oxygen meeting the demand from the working muscles
Tidal volume response to exercise
TV or Depth of breathing increases initially in proportion to exercise intensity at sub-maximal intensities, up to apriox 3 litres
TV reaches a plateu during sub-maximal intensity because increased breathing rate towards maximal intensities -
does not allow enough time and requires too much muscular effort for maximal inspiration/expiration
Minute ventilation response to sub-maximal intenstity
VE increases in line with exericse intensity, whereby breathing rate and idal volume will both increase
Durinf sub-maximal intensity exercise- VE can plateau as we rech a comfotable steady state.
Plateau represents the supply meeting demand for oxygen delivery and waste removal
What happens to VE during maximal intensity
VE does not plateau as exercise intensity continues to increase
There is a growing emand for oxygen and waste removal which VE must continually strive to meet.
TV plateau, increase in VE is from a coninued rise in breathing rate
What happens to VE during recovery
there is a rapid decrease followed by a slowern decrease to resting levels
Athlough breathing rate and tidal volume will both decrease post exercise- gradually.
Using an active recovery maintains VE providing the continued need for oxygen for aerobic energy production and the removakl of waste products
For an untrained performer what is the average f, TV and VE at rest
f-
12-15 breaths per min
TV-
0.5l/min
VE-
6-7.5l/min
For an untrained performer what is the average f, TV and VE at maximal intensity
f-
40-50 breaths per min
TV
2.5-3 l
VE
100-150 l/min
For an trained performer what is the average f, TV and VE at rest
f
11-12 breaths per min
TV
0.5 l/min
VE
5.5-6 l/min
For an trained performer what is the average f, TV and VE at maximal intensity
f
50-60 breaths per min
TV
4-4.5 l
VE
160-210 l/min
Where are the lungs situated and encased in?
situated in the thoracic cavity and encased in pleural sacs
What is the layer of pleural fluid between the lungs and pleural membrade function?
reduces friction during inspiration and expiration
Where do the pleural sacs attatch the lung tissue to?
the rib cage
What is breathing
a mechanical process through which muscles contract to cause a movement of the rib cage and sternum, which in turn changes the volume and pressure of the thoracic cavity.
It is the change of pressure which causes air to rush in or out of the lungs
What two muscles are responible for inspiration at rest and what do they do?
- The external intercostals: lie between each rib, contract lifitng the rib cage and sternum up and out
- The diaphragm: lies underneath the lungs and seperates the thoracic and abdominal cavity, contracts and flattens
Describe the mechanics of inspiration at rest
As external intercostals and diaphragm contract, the voume inside the thoracic cavity and space inside the lungs increases.
This lowers the pressure below the atmosphere outside the body.
All gases move from an area of high to low pressure, so air rushes into the lungs.
One inspiration is complete
What are the additional inspiratory muscles that can be recruited to give a larger force of contraction during exercise
1- Sternocleidomastoid
2-pectorialis minor
Describe how additional inspiratory muscles help with mechanics of inspiration to meet the demand during exercise
creates a greater up and outward movement of the rib cage and sternum.
The greater movement increases the volume and decreases the pressure inside the thoracic cavity more than at rest.
This increases the depth of breathing and therefore the volume of air inspired
Expiration at rest is a ………… process
passive
What do the two muscles responsible for inspiration at rest do during expiration
relax and go into their natural state
this decreases the volume of the thoracic cavity
What does the external intercostals and diaphgram do during expiration at rest
external intercostals- relax: lowering the rib cage ans sternum down and in
diapgram relaxes- return to its dome shame
As the external intercostals and diaphrgam relax, what happens to the volume in the thoracic cavity and what causes expiration
the volume inside the thoracic cavity and space inside the lungs decrease
This increases the pressure above the atmosphere outside the body; therfore air is pushed out of the lungs.
When exercise begins, expiration becomes an …….. process
active
What addiotonal expiratory muscles can be recruited to give a larger force of contraction for expiration
- internal intercostals
- rectus abdominals
Describe the mechanics of expiration during exercise
Increased down and iward movement of the rib cage and sternum.
The greater movement decreases the volume and increases the pressure inside the thoracic cavity more than at rest.
This increases. the rate of breathing and therfore the overall of air expired per minute
What is the respiratory control centre (RCC)
a control centre in the medulla oblongata responsiblke for respirartory regulation
What is the inspiratory centre (IC)
a control centre within the RCC responsible for inspiration
What is the expiratory centre (EC)
a control centre within the RCC a responsible for expiration
At rest what is the the Inspiratory centre (IC) responsible for?
the rhythmic cycle of breathing.
Nerve impulses are generated and stimulate the inspiratory muscles causing them to contrct via…..
- the intercostal nerve to the external intercostals
- phrenic nerve to the diaphgram
What happens to the thoracic cavity volume and lung air pressure with respiratory regulation at rest?
This causes the thoracic cavity volume to be increased, lowering the lung air pressure.
Aprox 500ml of air will be inspired.
After two seconds, stimulation stops and what happens to the inspiratory muscles and lung tissues?
will relax
and lung tissues recoil causing a passive expiration
How many times does respiratory control occur per minute at rest
12-15 times/ min
Why is the expiratory centre inactive at rest
due to the natural relaxation of the diaphgram and external intercostals
