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Pe A-level HK > Cardiovascular & Respiratory Syetm > Flashcards

Cardiovascular & Respiratory Syetm Flashcards

1
Q

Define heart rate

A

The amount of times your heart beats per minute

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2
Q

Define stroke volume

A

The volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle of the heart during each beat

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3
Q

Define cardiac output

A

The amount of blood ejected from the heart per minute

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4
Q

Formula for cardiac output

A

HR X SV = Q

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5
Q

What is the heart rate of an untrained performer at rest

A

70-72bpm

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6
Q

What is the stroke volume of an untrained person at rest

A

70ml

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7
Q

What is the cardiac output of an untrained person at rest

A

5 l/min

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8
Q

What is the heart rate of a trained person at rest

A

50bpm

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9
Q

What is the stroke volume of a trained person at rest

A

100ml

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10
Q

What is the cardiac output of a trained person at rest

A

5 L/min

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11
Q

What is the diastole phase of the cardiac cycle

A

The relaxation phase where the heart fills with blood

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12
Q

What is the atrial systole phase of the cardiac cycle

A

The atria contracts which forces remaining blood into ventricles

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13
Q

What is ventricular systole in the cardiac cycle

A

Where the ventricles contact, increasing pressure which closes the av valves to prevent back flow

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14
Q

What is the conduction system

A

SA node
Av node
Bundle of his
Bundle branches
Purkyne fibres

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15
Q

What is the HR of an untrained person during exercise (sub maximal)

A

100-130bpm

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16
Q

What is the SV of an untrained person during exercise (sub maximal)

A

100-120ml

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17
Q

What is the CO (Q) of an untrained person during exercise (sub maximal)

A

10-15 l/min

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18
Q

What is the HR of an untrained person during exercise (maximal)

A

220-age

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19
Q

What is the SV of an untrained person during exercise (maximal)

A

100-120ml

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20
Q

What is the CO (Q) of an untrained person during exercise (maximal)

A

20-30 l/ min

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21
Q

What is venous return

A

Volume of blood that returns from the body to the heart

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22
Q

What is the Frank starling mechanism

A

SV is dependent on VR

Increased SV leads to an increased stretch on ventricle walls and therefore force of contraction

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23
Q

How does neural control regulate heart rate

A

Chemoreceptors- detect chemical change
Baroreceptors- stretch on vessel walls
Proprioceptors- motor activity

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24
Q

How does intrinsic control regulate HR

A

Temperature
Venous return

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25
Q

How’s does hormonal control regulate HR

A

Adrenaline and Noradrenaline

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26
Q

What is the sympathetic Nervous system

A

Responsible for increasing heart rate (especially during exercise)

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27
Q

What is the parasympathetic nervous system

A

Responsible for decreasing heart rate during recovery

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28
Q

What is the vascular shunt mechanism

A

Redistribution of blood flow from one area to another

29
Q

What is vasodilation

A

is the widening of a blood vessel to increase the volume of blood delivered to active areas.

30
Q

What is vasoconstriction

A

Vasoconstriction is the narrowing of the blood vessel to restrict the volume of blood

31
Q

What is the VCC

A

Vascular Control centre
Responsible for the distribution of CO

32
Q

What are the 5 mechanisms of venous return

A

1 pocket valves
2- smooth muscles
Gravity
Muscle pump
Respiration pump

33
Q

What do pocket valves do

A

Prevent Back flow of blood

34
Q

What is a negative of pocket valves

A

Blood pooling

35
Q

What do smooth muscles do (venous return)

A

Vasoconstricts to create vasomotor tone which aids the movement of blood back to the heart

36
Q

What are pre-capillary sphincters

A

Rings of smooth muscle at the junction between arteries and capillaries- to control blood flow

37
Q

What is the primary aim of the respiratory system

A

To bring blood into contact with atmospheric air so that o2 can be taken in and co2 removed

38
Q

What is primary ventilation

A

Breathing air in and out of lungs

39
Q

What is external respiration

A

Exchange of o2 and co2 between the lungs and blood

40
Q

What is internal respiration

A

Exchange of o2 and co2 between blood and the muscles

41
Q

How is oxygen carried

A

Haemoglobin and plasma

42
Q

How is carbon dioxide transported

A

Dissolved in water
Carried in haemoglobin as carbaminohaemoglobin

43
Q

What is tidal volume

A

Volume of blood inspired or expired per breath

44
Q

What is the resting volume of tidal volume

A

500ml per breath

45
Q

What is the change due to exercise for tidal volume

A

Increases up to 3.5 litres

46
Q

What is breathing rate

A

The number of breaths taken in one minute

47
Q

What is the resting volume of breathing rate

A

12-15 breaths

48
Q

What is the change due to exercise for breathing rate

A

Increase : 40-60 breaths

49
Q

What is minute ventilation

A

The volume of air inspired or expired in one minute

50
Q

What is the resting volume of minute ventilation

A

6-7.5 l/ min

51
Q

What is the change due to exercise for minute ventilation for an untrained

A

Increase
150 l/min

52
Q

What is the change due to exercise for minute ventilation for an trained

A

Increase 210 l/ min

53
Q

What is the equation linking breathing rate(f) tidal volume(TV)and minute ventilation (VE)

A

VR= TV x f

54
Q

What happens in the muscles at rest during inspiration

A

Diaphragm contracts (active)
External intercostals contract

55
Q

What happens at rest during inspiration for movement

A

Diaphragm flattens (pushed down )
Ribs/sternum move up and out

56
Q

What happens at rest during inspiration with the Throacic cavity volume

A

Thoracic cavity volume increases

57
Q

What happens at rest during inspiration for lung air pressure

A

Ling air pressure decreases below atmospheric air

58
Q

What happens during inspiration

A

Air rushes into lungs

59
Q

What happens at rest during expiration for muscles

A

Diaphragm relaxes (passive)
External intercostals relax

60
Q

What happens at rest during expiration for movement

A

Diaphragm pushed upward
Ribs/ sternum move in and down

61
Q

What happens at rest during expiration for the Thoracic cavity volume

A

Thoracic cavity volume decreases

62
Q

What happens at rest during expiration for lung air pressure

A

Lung air pressure increases above atmospheric air

63
Q

What happens at expiration

A

Air rushes out of the lungs

64
Q

What happens whist exercising during inspiration for the muscles

A

Diaphragm contracts
External intercostals contract
Sternocleidomastoid contract
Scalenes contact
Pectorals minor contacts

65
Q

What happens whist exercising during inspiration for movement

A

Diaphragm flattens with more force
Increases lifting of ribs and sternum

66
Q

What happens whist exercising during inspiration for Thoracic cavity volume

A

Increases thoracic cavity volume

67
Q

What happens whist exercising during inspiration for lung air pressure

A

Lower air pressure in lungs

68
Q

What happens whist exercising during expiration for the muscles

A

Diaphragm relaxes
External & internal intercostals contract
Recuts abdominal and obliques contract

69
Q

What happens whist exercising during expiration for movement

A

Diaphragm pushed up harder with more force
Ribs/sternum pulled in and down

Pe A-level HK (5 decks)

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