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Pe A-level HK > Cardiovascular & Respiratory Syetm > Flashcards

Cardiovascular & Respiratory Syetm Flashcards

1
Q

Define heart rate

A

The amount of times your heart beats per minute

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2
Q

Define stroke volume

A

The volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle of the heart during each beat

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3
Q

Define cardiac output

A

The amount of blood ejected from the heart per minute

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4
Q

Formula for cardiac output

A

HR X SV = Q

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5
Q

What is the heart rate of an untrained performer at rest

A

70-72bpm

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6
Q

What is the stroke volume of an untrained person at rest

A

70ml

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7
Q

What is the cardiac output of an untrained person at rest

A

5 l/min

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8
Q

What is the heart rate of a trained person at rest

A

50bpm

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9
Q

What is the stroke volume of a trained person at rest

A

100ml

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10
Q

What is the cardiac output of a trained person at rest

A

5 L/min

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11
Q

What is the diastole phase of the cardiac cycle

A

The relaxation phase where the heart fills with blood

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12
Q

What is the atrial systole phase of the cardiac cycle

A

The atria contracts which forces remaining blood into ventricles

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13
Q

What is ventricular systole in the cardiac cycle

A

Where the ventricles contact, increasing pressure which closes the av valves to prevent back flow

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14
Q

What is the conduction system

A

SA node
Av node
Bundle of his
Bundle branches
Purkyne fibres

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15
Q

What is the HR of an untrained person during exercise (sub maximal)

A

100-130bpm

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16
Q

What is the SV of an untrained person during exercise (sub maximal)

A

100-120ml

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17
Q

What is the CO (Q) of an untrained person during exercise (sub maximal)

A

10-15 l/min

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18
Q

What is the HR of an untrained person during exercise (maximal)

A

220-age

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19
Q

What is the SV of an untrained person during exercise (maximal)

A

100-120ml

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20
Q

What is the CO (Q) of an untrained person during exercise (maximal)

A

20-30 l/ min

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21
Q

What is venous return

A

Volume of blood that returns from the body to the heart

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22
Q

What is the Frank starling mechanism

A

SV is dependent on VR

Increased SV leads to an increased stretch on ventricle walls and therefore force of contraction

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23
Q

How does neural control regulate heart rate

A

Chemoreceptors- detect chemical change
Baroreceptors- stretch on vessel walls
Proprioceptors- motor activity

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24
Q

How does intrinsic control regulate HR

A

Temperature
Venous return

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25
Q

How’s does hormonal control regulate HR

A

Adrenaline and Noradrenaline

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26
Q

What is the sympathetic Nervous system

A

Responsible for increasing heart rate (especially during exercise)

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27
Q

What is the parasympathetic nervous system

A

Responsible for decreasing heart rate during recovery

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28
Q

What is the vascular shunt mechanism

A

Redistribution of blood flow from one area to another

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29
Q

What is vasodilation

A

is the widening of a blood vessel to increase the volume of blood delivered to active areas.

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30
Q

What is vasoconstriction

A

Vasoconstriction is the narrowing of the blood vessel to restrict the volume of blood

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31
Q

What is the VCC

A

Vascular Control centre
Responsible for the distribution of CO

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32
Q

What are the 5 mechanisms of venous return

A

1 pocket valves
2- smooth muscles
Gravity
Muscle pump
Respiration pump

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33
Q

What do pocket valves do

A

Prevent Back flow of blood

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34
Q

What is a negative of pocket valves

A

Blood pooling

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35
Q

What do smooth muscles do (venous return)

A

Vasoconstricts to create vasomotor tone which aids the movement of blood back to the heart

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36
Q

What are pre-capillary sphincters

A

Rings of smooth muscle at the junction between arteries and capillaries- to control blood flow

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37
Q

What is the primary aim of the respiratory system

A

To bring blood into contact with atmospheric air so that o2 can be taken in and co2 removed

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38
Q

What is primary ventilation

A

Breathing air in and out of lungs

39
Q

What is external respiration

A

Exchange of o2 and co2 between the lungs and blood

40
Q

What is internal respiration

A

Exchange of o2 and co2 between blood and the muscles

41
Q

How is oxygen carried

A

Haemoglobin and plasma

42
Q

How is carbon dioxide transported

A

Dissolved in water
Carried in haemoglobin as carbaminohaemoglobin

43
Q

What is tidal volume

A

Volume of blood inspired or expired per breath

44
Q

What is the resting volume of tidal volume

A

500ml per breath

45
Q

What is the change due to exercise for tidal volume

A

Increases up to 3.5 litres

46
Q

What is breathing rate

A

The number of breaths taken in one minute

47
Q

What is the resting volume of breathing rate

A

12-15 breaths

48
Q

What is the change due to exercise for breathing rate

A

Increase : 40-60 breaths

49
Q

What is minute ventilation

A

The volume of air inspired or expired in one minute

50
Q

What is the resting volume of minute ventilation

A

6-7.5 l/ min

51
Q

What is the change due to exercise for minute ventilation for an untrained

A

Increase
150 l/min

52
Q

What is the change due to exercise for minute ventilation for an trained

A

Increase 210 l/ min

53
Q

What is the equation linking breathing rate(f) tidal volume(TV)and minute ventilation (VE)

A

VR= TV x f

54
Q

What happens in the muscles at rest during inspiration

A

Diaphragm contracts (active)
External intercostals contract

55
Q

What happens at rest during inspiration for movement

A

Diaphragm flattens (pushed down )
Ribs/sternum move up and out

56
Q

What happens at rest during inspiration with the Throacic cavity volume

A

Thoracic cavity volume increases

57
Q

What happens at rest during inspiration for lung air pressure

A

Ling air pressure decreases below atmospheric air

58
Q

What happens during inspiration

A

Air rushes into lungs

59
Q

What happens at rest during expiration for muscles

A

Diaphragm relaxes (passive)
External intercostals relax

60
Q

What happens at rest during expiration for movement

A

Diaphragm pushed upward
Ribs/ sternum move in and down

61
Q

What happens at rest during expiration for the Thoracic cavity volume

A

Thoracic cavity volume decreases

62
Q

What happens at rest during expiration for lung air pressure

A

Lung air pressure increases above atmospheric air

63
Q

What happens at expiration

A

Air rushes out of the lungs

64
Q

What happens whist exercising during inspiration for the muscles

A

Diaphragm contracts
External intercostals contract
Sternocleidomastoid contract
Scalenes contact
Pectorals minor contacts

65
Q

What happens whist exercising during inspiration for movement

A

Diaphragm flattens with more force
Increases lifting of ribs and sternum

66
Q

What happens whist exercising during inspiration for Thoracic cavity volume

A

Increases thoracic cavity volume

67
Q

What happens whist exercising during inspiration for lung air pressure

A

Lower air pressure in lungs

68
Q

What happens whist exercising during expiration for the muscles

A

Diaphragm relaxes
External & internal intercostals contract
Recuts abdominal and obliques contract

69
Q

What happens whist exercising during expiration for movement

A

Diaphragm pushed up harder with more force
Ribs/sternum pulled in and down

70
Q

What is the Pulmonary circuit

A

circulation of blood through the pulmonary artery to the lungs and pulmonary vein back to the heart

71
Q

What is the systemic circuit

A

circulation of blood through the aorta to the body and vena cava back to the heart

72
Q

What is oxygenated blood

A

blood saturated with oxygen and nutrients such as glucose

73
Q

Deoxygenated blood

A

blood depleted of oxygen, saturated with carbon dioxide and waste products

74
Q

What is the path of blood in the heart- Left side of heart

A

Blood is oxygenated at the lungs and brought back to the left atria through the pulmonary vein.

Oxygenated blood moves from the left atria, through the left AV valve (bicuspid) into the left ventricles to be forced out the left side of the heart into the aorta.

The aorta carries oxygenated blood to muscles and organs

75
Q

What is the path of blood in the heart- Right side of heart

A

Deoxygenated blood from the muscles and organs arrives back at the right atria through the vena caba

It moves from the right atria, through the right AV valve (tricuspid) into the right ventricle to be forced out of the right side of the heart into the pulmonary artery

Pulmonary artery carries this deoxygenated blood to lungs

76
Q

HR regulation in response to exercise - neural control

A

Neural control-

chemoreceptors
increased CO2 and
lactic acid levels

Proprioceptors-
increased motor
activity

Baroreceptors-
increased stretch -
on vessel walls.

77
Q

HR regulation in response to exercise- intrinsic control

A

increased temperature
increased venous return

78
Q

HR regulation in response to exercise- hormonal control

A

sympathetic release of adrenaline and noradrenaline

79
Q

Where is the CCC located

A

in the medulla oblongata

80
Q

What is the parasympathetic control of heart rate

A

vagus nerve- decreases heart rate

81
Q

what is the a
sympathetic control of heart rate

A

accelerator nerve increases HR and force of contraction

82
Q

HR response to exercise

A

sympathetic nervous system increases stimulation of the SA node via the accelerator nerve to increase HR

greater force of ventricular contraction increases SV.

HR x SV = co increased

83
Q

HR regulation in response to recovery- neural control

A

chemo- increased O2 and decreased lactic acid

proprio- decreased motor activity

baro- decreased stretch on ventricle walls

84
Q

hr regulation in response to recovery- hormonal control

A

parasympathetic inhibition of adrenaline and noradrenaline

84
Q

Hr regulation in response to recovery- intrinsic control

A

decreased temperature
decreased venous return

84
Q

HR regulation in reponse to recovery

A

parasympathetic nervous system decreases stimulation of the SA node via the vagus nerve to decrease HR

reduced force of ventricular contraction reduces the sv slowly

HR X SV = CO decreased

85
Q

What are capillaries

A

bring blood slowly into close contact with the muscle ad organ cells for gaseous exchange

single layer of cells, thin enough to allow gas, nutrient and waste exchange

85
Q

characteristics of arteries

A

large layer of smoothg muscle and elastic tissue - allowing vasodilation/constriction

ring of smooth muscle surrounding the entry of a capillary bed called capillary sphincters

85
Q

What are veins and the characteristics

A

transport deoxygenated blood from muscle and organs bacl to heart.

small layer of smooth muscle- allowing venodilation and venoconstriction

pocket valves- prevents backflow of blood

Pe A-level HK (11 decks)

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