Energy systems- book 2 Flashcards
1.1 energy for exercise- 1.2 recovery, altitude and heat
What is metabolism?
The chemical process that occur within a cell to maintain life. Some substances are broken down to provide energy while others are resynthesised to store energy
What does ATP stand for
Adenosine triphosphate
What is ATP
A high energy compound which is only immediately available source of energy for muscular contraction
What is an enzyme
Biological catalyst which increases the speed of chemical reactions
What is ATPase
an enzyme which catalyses the breakdown of ATP
What is an exothermic reaction?
A chemical reaction which releases energy
What does ADP stand for?
Adenosine diphosphate
What is ADP
a compound formed by the removal of phosphate bond from ATP (ATP– +P +energy)
What are the 3 forms of energy
Chemical, potential and kinetic forms
How can the food we eat be stored as?
As amino acids, triglycerides and glycogen
How does ATP get broken down
To extract the energy from ATP, the enzyme ATPase is released, which stimulates the final-high enrgy bond to be broken.
This exothermic reaction releases energy for muscular contraction an dleaves ADP and a single phosphate
Where is ATP stored and what is it made out of?
During exercise- ATP is stored in the muscle cell and is the only immediate source of energy for muscular contraction.
ATP is made up of one adenosine and 3 phosphates.
How long do ATP stores last and do they need to be resynthesised
ATP only lasts 2-3 seconds
In order to continue exercising ATP must be constantly resynthesised or rebuilt.
How is ATP resynthesied
An endothermic reaction occurs-
where energy from the surrounding area is absorbed to rebuild the high-energy bond between by one of three energy systems
which break down the food fuels stored around the body
What are the three energy systems which break down food fuels to provide the energy for ATP resynthesis
ATP-PC
glycolytic
aerobic
Fill in the blanks
ATP is the only immediate available source of ……….. for muscular contraction.
energy
Fill in the blank
The enzyme ……… catalyses ATP breakdown to release energy in an exothermic reaction leaving ADP and P.
ATPase
Fill in the blanks
ATP stores in the muscle cell will last around ……. seconds only and must be ……………. to continue exercising
2-3 seconds
resynthesised
Fill in the blank
In an ……… reaction energy is absorbed from the surrounding area to restore the high-energy bond between the ADP and P resynthesising ATP
endothermic
What is creatine kinase
an enzyme which catalyses the bnreakdown of phosphocreatine PC
What is phosphocrceatine
a high-energy compound stored in the muscle cell and broken down for ATP resynthesis
What is anaerobic
without the presence of oxygen
What is the sarcoplasm
the cytoplasm or fluid within the muscle cell which holds store of PC, glycogen and myoglonbin
What is a coupled reaction
where the products of one reaction are used in another reaction
Where do we get energy from for muscular contractions?
Adenosine triphosphate- bonds are broken down to release energy
What is the aerobic system
Exercise = low intensity
oxygen supply = high
glucose is broken down into CO2 and H20
Oxidation of glucose produces a maximum of 38 ATP
Products of fat and protein digestion are converted to acetyl for entering the krebs
Describe the role of fats in the aerobic system
Fats in the from of fatty acids and proteins in the form of amino acids are broken down
They are reduced to the acetyl which enters the krebs cycle
What is glycolosis
A process by which glucose is converted to pyruvate to produce energy
Describe the process of glycolosis
First stage is anaerobic = in sarcoplasm in muscle cell
Glucose is broken down into pyruvic acid using GPP
Two molecules of ATP produced
What are the advantages of the aerobic system?
More ATP produced 36 ATP
No fatiguing by-producs (CO2 and water)
Lots of glycogen an triglyceride stores so exercise can last for long period of time
What is phosphocreatine?
An energy rich phosphate compound found in the sarcoplasm of muscle cells
What is the ATP-PC system?
Occurs without the presence of oxygen
Provides energy for high intensity
Short duration bouts of exercise
can be seen in power and strength forms of training
Can supply energy for 5-8 seconds before exhaustion
it breaks down PC stored in the muscles to resynthesises ATP quickly without oxygen
takes 2-3 mins to fully recover
Eg of when the ATP-PC system may be used
8-12 second duration
eg sprint
Describe how the ATP-PC system works?
High ADP stores will trigger release of creatine kinase
Anaerobic process (broken down phosphocreatine anaerobically into phosphate and creatine + energy)
PC needed for providing a high power of contractions
Energy created to convert ADP to ATP a coupled reaction
8-12 second duration
Equation in the ATP-PC system
PC - Pi + creatine + energy
Advantages of the ATP-PC system?
ATP can be rapidly resynthesises in the system
Phosphocreatine stores
What is the anaerobic glycoltic system?
Production of high powered energy for high intensity exercise for a longer duration than the ATP-PC system 12s to 3 mins
What does the duration of the anaerobic glycoltic system depend upon?
The intensity of exercise
Fitness of particular individuals
What is phosphofructokinase? (PFK0
an enzyme which catalyses the breakdown of glucose
What is anaerobic glycolosis?
the partial breakdown of glucose into pyruvic acid
What is lactate dehydrogensase (LDH)
an enzyme which catalyses the conversion of pyruvic acid into lactic acid
What is OBLA?
The onset of blood lactate accumulation: the point at which blood lactate levels significantly rise and fatigue sets in
What must happen to pryuvic acid before entering the Krebs cycyle
Must be oxidised into two acetyl groups
Then carried into the Krebs cycle
Describe the Krebs cycle
Two acetyl groups will diffuse into the matricx of the mitchondria
Give a example of a sport using the anaerobic glycolytic system
What is the ….. for the ATP-PC SYSTEM
type of reaction
Site of reaction
food fuel used
controlling enzyme
ATP yield
anaerobic
sarcoplasm
phosphocreatine
creatine kinase
1:1
for ATP-PC system
By products
intensity of activity
duration of system
none
very high intensity
2-10 seconds
strengths of ATP-PC system
no delay for oxygen
PC readily available in the muscle cell
provides energy for high-intensity activities
No fatiguing by-productcs
Weaknesses of ATP-PC system
low ATP yield and small PC stores lead to rapid fatiugue after 8-10 seconds
Fuel source of the glycolytic system
Duration
intensity
glycogen
10-90 seconds
high to moderate intensity
Process of the glycolytic system
glycogen is broken down into glucose, which proudces ATP without oxygen
By products of glycolytic system
lactic acid
Recovery time for the glycolytic system
20 mins to 2 hours
Advantages of the glycolytic system
provides energy quickly
useful for medium duration activities
Disadvantage of of glycolytic system
produces lactic acid, causing muscle fatigue
not as efficient as aerobic systems
What is the fuel source of the aerobic system
duration
and intensity
glycogen, fats and proteins
90+ seconds
intensity- low to moderate (marathon)
Process of aerobic system
involves three stages
glycolysis
krebs cycle
electron transport chain
requires oxygen to produce large amounts of ATP
By products of aerobic system
carbon dioxide and water
Recovery time for aerobic system
up to 48 hours for full recovery
Advantages of aerobic system
produces large amounts of ATP
no harmful by products
efficient for long-duration activities
Disadvantages of aerobic system
slow to start
requires oxygen
not suitable for high-intensity bursts
