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Anatomy and Physiology > Muscular system > Flashcards

Muscular system Flashcards

1
Q

What is Gowers Sign

A

Going through several steps to stand up. (getting legs straight and then walking hands up)

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2
Q

Functions of the muscular system

A

movement of the body, maintaining posture, generate body heat, roles in other body systems (respiration, digestion, urination)

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3
Q

Types of muscle tissues

A

Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac

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4
Q

Description of skeletal muscle tissue

A

striated, voluntary

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5
Q

Description of smooth muscle tissue

A

involuntary (digestive)

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6
Q

Description of cardiac muscle tissue

A

heart

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7
Q

bundles of muscle fibers composing the muscle

A

fasciles

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8
Q

fibers found within muscle cells

A

myocytes

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9
Q

Individual muscles are separated by

A

fascia

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10
Q

Fascia forms

A

tendons

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11
Q

Three different layers of connective tissue

A

Epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium

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12
Q

Description of epimysium

A

outermost layer, surrounds entire muscle

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13
Q

Description of perimysium

A

seperated and surrounds the FASCICLES (bundles)

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14
Q

Description of endomysium

A

surrounds each individual muscle fiber

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15
Q

Muscle cells

A

sarcolemma, sarcoplasm, sarcoplasmic, amd myofibrils

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16
Q

Sarcolemma

A

muscle fiber membrane

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17
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

inner material surrounding fibers (like cytoplasm)

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18
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

trasport

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19
Q

myofibrils

A

parallel muscle fibers within sarcoplasm

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20
Q

What is each myofibril made up of

A

myofilaments

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21
Q

Two types of myofilaments

A

Myosin and actin

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22
Q

Myosin

A

thick filaments
A BANDS=dArk=thick=myosin

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23
Q

ACTIN

A

thin filaments bands
Bands=LIght=thin=actin

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24
Q

Hierarchy

A

bone-tendon-muscle-fascicle-muscle fiber-myofibrils-myofilaments(myosin and acting)

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25
Q

what is dystrophin

A

protein located between sacolemma and myofilaments

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26
Q

How do you get muscular dystrophy

A

mutation in the gene that coes for dystrophin

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27
Q

What is DMD prognosis

A

fatal, muscles weaken and can’t pump heart

28
Q

What is EXONDYS51

A

Gene therapy that repairs affected gene

29
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

where nerve and muscle fiber come together

30
Q

motor end plate

A

folded area where muscle and neuron communicate

31
Q

synapse

A

gap between the neuron and motor end plate

32
Q

synaptic vesicles

A

where neurotransmitters are stored

33
Q

acetylcholine

A

neurotransmitter that crosses the gap, stored in vesicles

34
Q

cholinestrase

A

breaks down acetylcholine

35
Q

muscle fatigue

A

mscle loses ability to contract after prolonged use

36
Q

muscle cramp

A

a sustained involuntary contraction

37
Q

oxygen debt

A

not have enough oxygen cause lactic acid to accumulate in the muscles —– soreness

38
Q

rigor mortis

A

after death joint stiffen and become locked in place

39
Q

hypertrophy

A

muscles enlarge

40
Q

atrophy

A

muscles become small and weak due to disuse

41
Q

Tetanus

A

cholinesterase doesnt break down the acetylcholine in the synapse. Muscle contract and cant relax. Shot can be administered after exposure. Once developed, NO CURE

42
Q

Myotonia

A

dlayed relaxation of the skeletal muscles after voluntary contraction, electrical stimulation, or being startled (fainting)

43
Q

Myasthenia Gravis

A

“grave muscular weakness” autoimmune disease acetycholine receptors are damaged
- droopy eye lids
- slurred speech
-weakness fatigue

44
Q

ALS

A

amyotrophic lateral sclerosi, progressive neurodegenerativedisease. Motor nerves degenerate and stop sending messages to muscles
- atrophy symptoms get worse over time

45
Q

poison that affect neuromuscular junctions

A

botox, strychnine (makes muscles more likely to contract), curare (flaccidity — competition with acytlcholine)

46
Q

Step 1 of the sliding filament theory

A
  • signal sent to the motor neuron, acetylcholine reaches the receptors, the impulse travels down the membrane/sarcolemma
47
Q

step 2 of SFT

A

impulse travels into transerse tubules and causes calcium to be released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

48
Q

strep 3 SFT

A

calcium binds to actin and causes it to change shape so that it can interact with myosin

49
Q

step 4 SFT

A

change in shape allows myosin head to form cross-bridges between the actin and myosin

50
Q

step 5 SFT

A

Energy from ATP is used to create a “power stroke” between the two filaments. The actin filament slides inward and shortens or contract the whole muscle

51
Q

what makes up a motor unit

A

combination of the motor neuron and the skeletal muscle fibers

52
Q

where does a muscle contraction start

A

in the brain

53
Q

what causes calcium to be released

A

electrical impulse

54
Q

what allows cross-bridges between actin and myosin

A

the change in shape of actin

55
Q

what neurotransmitter is needed to initiate a muscle contraction

A

acetylcholine

56
Q

what substances provides energy for muscle contraction

A

ATP

57
Q

where is calcium released from

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

58
Q

where are myosin and actin found in muscles

A

sarcomere

59
Q

What filaments are within the z-lines

A

thick

60
Q

what filaments are outside of the z-lines

A

thin

61
Q

what band is in the center

A

a-band

62
Q

what is the center of the sarcomere caled

A

the H-zone

63
Q

where does cellular respiration occur

A

mitochondria

64
Q

how is ATP produced

A

cellular respiration

65
Q

what increases regeneration of ATP

A

creatine kinase

Anatomy and Physiology (16 decks)

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