Muscular system

Question 1

What is Gowers Sign

Answer 1

Going through several steps to stand up. (getting legs straight and then walking hands up)

Question 2

Functions of the muscular system

Answer 2

movement of the body, maintaining posture, generate body heat, roles in other body systems (respiration, digestion, urination)

Question 3

Types of muscle tissues

Answer 3

Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac

Question 4

Description of skeletal muscle tissue

Answer 4

striated, voluntary

Question 5

Description of smooth muscle tissue

Answer 5

involuntary (digestive)

Question 6

Description of cardiac muscle tissue

Answer 6

heart

Question 7

bundles of muscle fibers composing the muscle

Answer 7

fasciles

Question 8

fibers found within muscle cells

Answer 8

myocytes

Question 9

Individual muscles are separated by

Answer 9

fascia

Question 10

Fascia forms

Answer 10

tendons

Question 11

Three different layers of connective tissue

Answer 11

Epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium

Question 12

Description of epimysium

Answer 12

outermost layer, surrounds entire muscle

Question 13

Description of perimysium

Answer 13

seperated and surrounds the FASCICLES (bundles)

Question 14

Description of endomysium

Answer 14

surrounds each individual muscle fiber

Question 15

Muscle cells

Answer 15

sarcolemma, sarcoplasm, sarcoplasmic, amd myofibrils

Question 16

Sarcolemma

Answer 16

muscle fiber membrane

Question 17

Sarcoplasm

Answer 17

inner material surrounding fibers (like cytoplasm)

Question 18

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Answer 18

trasport

Question 19

myofibrils

Answer 19

parallel muscle fibers within sarcoplasm

Question 20

What is each myofibril made up of

Answer 20

myofilaments

Question 21

Two types of myofilaments

Answer 21

Myosin and actin

Question 22

Myosin

Answer 22

thick filaments
A BANDS=dArk=thick=myosin

Question 23

ACTIN

Answer 23

thin filaments bands
Bands=LIght=thin=actin

Question 24

Hierarchy

Answer 24

bone-tendon-muscle-fascicle-muscle fiber-myofibrils-myofilaments(myosin and acting)

Question 25

what is dystrophin

Answer 25

protein located between sacolemma and myofilaments

Question 26

How do you get muscular dystrophy

Answer 26

mutation in the gene that coes for dystrophin

Question 27

What is DMD prognosis

Answer 27

fatal, muscles weaken and can't pump heart

Question 28

What is EXONDYS51

Answer 28

Gene therapy that repairs affected gene

Question 29

neuromuscular junction

Answer 29

where nerve and muscle fiber come together

Question 30

motor end plate

Answer 30

folded area where muscle and neuron communicate

Question 31

synapse

Answer 31

gap between the neuron and motor end plate

Question 32

synaptic vesicles

Answer 32

where neurotransmitters are stored

Question 33

acetylcholine

Answer 33

neurotransmitter that crosses the gap, stored in vesicles

Question 34

cholinestrase

Answer 34

breaks down acetylcholine

Question 35

muscle fatigue

Answer 35

mscle loses ability to contract after prolonged use

Question 36

muscle cramp

Answer 36

a sustained involuntary contraction

Question 37

oxygen debt

Answer 37

not have enough oxygen cause lactic acid to accumulate in the muscles ----- soreness

Question 38

rigor mortis

Answer 38

after death joint stiffen and become locked in place

Question 39

hypertrophy

Answer 39

muscles enlarge

Question 40

atrophy

Answer 40

muscles become small and weak due to disuse

Question 41

Tetanus

Answer 41

cholinesterase doesnt break down the acetylcholine in the synapse. Muscle contract and cant relax. Shot can be administered after exposure. Once developed, NO CURE

Question 42

Myotonia

Answer 42

dlayed relaxation of the skeletal muscles after voluntary contraction, electrical stimulation, or being startled (fainting)

Question 43

Myasthenia Gravis

Answer 43

"grave muscular weakness" autoimmune disease acetycholine receptors are damaged - droopy eye lids - slurred speech -weakness fatigue

Question 44

ALS

Answer 44

amyotrophic lateral sclerosi, progressive neurodegenerativedisease. Motor nerves degenerate and stop sending messages to muscles - atrophy symptoms get worse over time

Question 45

poison that affect neuromuscular junctions

Answer 45

botox, strychnine (makes muscles more likely to contract), curare (flaccidity --- competition with acytlcholine)

Question 46

Step 1 of the sliding filament theory

Answer 46

- signal sent to the motor neuron, acetylcholine reaches the receptors, the impulse travels down the membrane/sarcolemma

Question 47

step 2 of SFT

Answer 47

impulse travels into transerse tubules and causes calcium to be released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 48

strep 3 SFT

Answer 48

calcium binds to actin and causes it to change shape so that it can interact with myosin

Question 49

step 4 SFT

Answer 49

change in shape allows myosin head to form cross-bridges between the actin and myosin

Question 50

step 5 SFT

Answer 50

Energy from ATP is used to create a "power stroke" between the two filaments. The actin filament slides inward and shortens or contract the whole muscle

Question 51

what makes up a motor unit

Answer 51

combination of the motor neuron and the skeletal muscle fibers

Question 52

where does a muscle contraction start

Answer 52

in the brain

Question 53

what causes calcium to be released

Answer 53

electrical impulse

Question 54

what allows cross-bridges between actin and myosin

Answer 54

the change in shape of actin

Question 55

what neurotransmitter is needed to initiate a muscle contraction

Answer 55

acetylcholine

Question 56

what substances provides energy for muscle contraction

Answer 56

ATP

Question 57

where is calcium released from

Answer 57

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 58

where are myosin and actin found in muscles

Answer 58

sarcomere

Question 59

What filaments are within the z-lines

Answer 59

thick

Question 60

what filaments are outside of the z-lines

Answer 60

thin

Question 61

what band is in the center

Answer 61

a-band

Question 62

what is the center of the sarcomere caled

Answer 62

the H-zone

Question 63

where does cellular respiration occur

Answer 63

mitochondria

Question 64

how is ATP produced

Answer 64

cellular respiration

Question 65

what increases regeneration of ATP

Answer 65

creatine kinase