Muscular System

Question 1

What are the three types of muscle tissues?

Answer 1

Skeletal, smooth, cardiac

Question 2

• usually attached to bones
• under conscious control (voluntary)
  -striated

Answer 2

Skeletal muscle

Question 3

• walls of most viscera, blood vessels, skin
• not under conscious control (involuntary)
• not striated

Answer 3

Smooth muscle

Question 4

• wall of heart
• not under conscious control (involuntary)
• striated

Answer 4

Cardiac muscle

Question 5

What are the functions of muscles?

Answer 5

1. Movement
2. Stability
3. Control of openings and passageways
4. Heat production by skeletal muscles
5. Glycemic control

Question 6

Function of muscles:
-move from place to place, movement of body parts and body contents in breathing, circulation, feeding and digestion, defecation, urination, and childbirth
-role in communication: speech, writing, nonverbal communications

Answer 6

movement

Question 7

Function of muscles:
-maintain posture by preventing unwanted movements
-stabilize joints

Answer 7

stability

Question 8

muscles that resist pull of gravity and prevent us from falling or slumping over

Answer 8

antigravity muscles

Question 9

internal muscular rings that control the movement of food, bile, blood, and other materials within the body

Answer 9

sphincters

Question 10

about what percent of our body heat comes from skeletal muscles?

Answer 10

85%

Question 11

regulation of blood glucose concentrations within its normal range

Answer 11

glycemic control

Question 12

-thin sleeve of loose connective tissue surrounding each muscle fiber
-allows room for capillaries and nerve fibers to reach each muscle fiber
-provides extracellular chemical environment for the muscle fiber and its associated nerve ending

Answer 12

endomysium

Question 13

-slightly thicker layer of connective tissue
-fascicles
-carry larger nerves and blood vessels, and stretch receptors

Answer 13

perimysium

Question 14

bundles of muscle fibers wrapped in perimysium

Answer 14

fascicles

Question 15

-fibrous sheath surrounding the entire muscle
-outer surface grades into the fascia
-inner surface sends projections between fascicles to form perimysium

Answer 15

epimysium

Question 16

sheet of connective tissue that separates neighboring muscles or muscle groups from each other and the subcutaneous tissue

Answer 16

fascia

Question 17

what separates one muscle compartment from another?

Answer 17

intermuscular septa

Question 18

____ bridge the gap between muscle ends and bony attachment

Answer 18

tendons

Question 19

tendon is a broad, flat sheet (palmar aponeurosis)

Answer 19

aponeurosis

Question 20

connective tissue band that tendons from separate muscle pass under

Answer 20

retinaculum

Question 21

type of muscle attachment where the tendons bridge the gap between muscle ends and bony attachment
-collagen fibers of the endo-, peri-, and epimysium continue into the tendon
-from there into the periosteum and the matrix of bone
-very strong structural continuity from muscle to bone
-biceps brachii, Achilles tendon

Answer 21

indirect attachment to bone

Question 22

type of muscle attachment where there is little separation between muscle and bone and where the muscle seems to immerge directly from bone
-margins of brachialis, lateral head of triceps brachii

Answer 22

direct (fleshy) attachment to bone

Question 23

bony attachment at the stationary end of muscle

Answer 23

origin

Question 24

thicker, middle region of muscle between origin and insertion

Answer 24

belly

Question 25

bony attachment to mobile end of muscle

Answer 25

insertion

Question 26

the effects produced by a muscle -to produce or prevent movement

Answer 26

action

Question 27

what are the four functional categories of muscles that depend on action?

Answer 27

1. prime mover (agonist) 2. synergist 3. antagonist 4. fixator

Question 28

type of muscle that produces most of the force during a joint action -ex: brachialis

Answer 28

prime mover (agonist)

Question 29

type of muscle that aids the prime mover -stabilizes the nearby joint -modifies the direction of movement -ex: biceps brachii

Answer 29

synergist

Question 30

type of muscle that opposes the prime mover -relaxes to give prime mover control over an action -preventing excess movement and injury -these pairs act on opposite sides of a joint -ex: triceps brachii

Answer 30

antagonist

Question 31

types of muscles that act on opposite sides of a joint

Answer 31

antagonist

Question 32

type of muscle that prevents the movement of bone -ex: muscles that hold the scapula firmly in place (rhomboids)

Answer 32

fixator

Question 33

muscles that are entirely contained within a region, such as the hand -both its origin and insertion there

Answer 33

intrinsic muscles

Question 34

muscles that act on a designated region, but has its origin elsewhere -ex: fingers- with these types of muscles in the forearm

Answer 34

extrinsic muscles

Question 35

How are muscles named? -describes distinctive aspects of the _____ of the muscle

Answer 35

structure, location, or action

Question 36

a name given to ring-like muscles that encircle and orifice and that may form a constricting passage

Answer 36

orbicularis, sphincter

Question 37

flexes joint, or brings two ends closer together, decreases joint angle

Answer 37

flexor

Question 38

extends joint or brings two ends further apart, increase joint angle

Answer 38

extensor

Question 39

elevates a structure or part

Answer 39

levator

Question 40

depresses a structure or part

Answer 40

depressor

Question 41

adducts or moves a part toward the midline

Answer 41

adductor

Question 42

abducts or moves a part away from the midline

Answer 42

abductor

Question 43

pronates or turns the hand or forearm downward or backward

Answer 43

pronator

Question 44

supinates or turns the hand or forearm upward or forward

Answer 44

supinator

Question 45

rotates one structure relative to another

Answer 45

rotator

Question 46

refers to the thumb actions only and named for the action of opposition, which is when the tip of the thumb is brought into contact with other fingers

Answer 46

opponens

Question 47

How are muscles named?: The first part of the name always refers to the ____ and the second part to _____, which are joined together to form a compound word.

Answer 47

origin, insertion

Question 48

sterno and cleido for its origin, the sternum and clavicle; and mastoid for its insertion, the mastoid process

Answer 48

sternocleidomastoid

Question 49

brachio for its origin on the upper arm and radialis for its insertion on the radius of the forearm

Answer 49

brachioradialis

Question 50

sterno for its origin on the sternum and hyoid for its insertion at the hyoid bone

Answer 50

sternohyoid

Question 51

coraco for its origin on the corocoid process of the scapula and brachialis for its insertion on the humerus of the upper arm

Answer 51

coracobrachialis

Question 52

Breathing requires the use of muscles enclosing what cavity?

Answer 52

thoracic

Question 53

what is the main muscle for breathing?

Answer 53

diaphragm

Question 54

air intake

Answer 54

inspiration

Question 55

expelling air

Answer 55

expiration

Question 56

What are the main muscles of respiration?

Answer 56

-diaphragm -external intercostal -internal intercostal -innermost intercostal muscles

Question 57

What are some other muscles of the chest and abdomen that contribute to breathing?

Answer 57

-sternocleidomastoid, scalenes of neck -pectoralis major and serratus anterior of chest -latissimus dorsi of back -abdominal muscles: internal and external obliques, and transverse abdominis -some anal muscles

Question 58

muscular bone between thoracic and abdominal cavities

Answer 58

diaphragm

Question 59

_____ flattens the diaphragm

Answer 59

contraction

Question 60

enlargement of the thoracic cavity

Answer 60

inspiration

Question 61

in relaxation of diaphragm it ____

Answer 61

rises

Question 62

the thoracic cavity shrinks

Answer 62

expiration

Question 63

-elevate ribs -expand thoracic cavity -create partial vacuum causing inflow of air

Answer 63

external intercostals

Question 64

-depresses and retracts ribs -compresses thoracic cavity -expelling air

Answer 64

internal intercostals

Question 65

same action as internal intercostals: -depresses and retracts ribs -compresses thoracic cavity -expelling air

Answer 65

innermost intercostals

Question 66

Muscles that act on opposite sides of joint

Answer 66

Antagonistic pairs