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Anatomy > Muscular System > Flashcards

Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissues?

A

Skeletal, smooth, cardiac

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2
Q
  • usually attached to bones
  • under conscious control (voluntary)
    -striated
A

Skeletal muscle

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3
Q
  • walls of most viscera, blood vessels, skin
  • not under conscious control (involuntary)
  • not striated
A

Smooth muscle

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4
Q
  • wall of heart
  • not under conscious control (involuntary)
  • striated
A

Cardiac muscle

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5
Q

What are the functions of muscles?

A
  1. Movement
  2. Stability
  3. Control of openings and passageways
  4. Heat production by skeletal muscles
  5. Glycemic control
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6
Q

Function of muscles:
-move from place to place, movement of body parts and body contents in breathing, circulation, feeding and digestion, defecation, urination, and childbirth
-role in communication: speech, writing, nonverbal communications

A

movement

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7
Q

Function of muscles:
-maintain posture by preventing unwanted movements
-stabilize joints

A

stability

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8
Q

muscles that resist pull of gravity and prevent us from falling or slumping over

A

antigravity muscles

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9
Q

internal muscular rings that control the movement of food, bile, blood, and other materials within the body

A

sphincters

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10
Q

about what percent of our body heat comes from skeletal muscles?

A

85%

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11
Q

regulation of blood glucose concentrations within its normal range

A

glycemic control

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12
Q

-thin sleeve of loose connective tissue surrounding each muscle fiber
-allows room for capillaries and nerve fibers to reach each muscle fiber
-provides extracellular chemical environment for the muscle fiber and its associated nerve ending

A

endomysium

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13
Q

-slightly thicker layer of connective tissue
-fascicles
-carry larger nerves and blood vessels, and stretch receptors

A

perimysium

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14
Q

bundles of muscle fibers wrapped in perimysium

A

fascicles

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15
Q

-fibrous sheath surrounding the entire muscle
-outer surface grades into the fascia
-inner surface sends projections between fascicles to form perimysium

A

epimysium

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16
Q

sheet of connective tissue that separates neighboring muscles or muscle groups from each other and the subcutaneous tissue

A

fascia

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17
Q

what separates one muscle compartment from another?

A

intermuscular septa

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18
Q

____ bridge the gap between muscle ends and bony attachment

A

tendons

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19
Q

tendon is a broad, flat sheet (palmar aponeurosis)

A

aponeurosis

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20
Q

connective tissue band that tendons from separate muscle pass under

A

retinaculum

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21
Q

type of muscle attachment where the tendons bridge the gap between muscle ends and bony attachment
-collagen fibers of the endo-, peri-, and epimysium continue into the tendon
-from there into the periosteum and the matrix of bone
-very strong structural continuity from muscle to bone
-biceps brachii, Achilles tendon

A

indirect attachment to bone

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22
Q

type of muscle attachment where there is little separation between muscle and bone and where the muscle seems to immerge directly from bone
-margins of brachialis, lateral head of triceps brachii

A

direct (fleshy) attachment to bone

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23
Q

bony attachment at the stationary end of muscle

A

origin

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24
Q

thicker, middle region of muscle between origin and insertion

A

belly

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25
Q

bony attachment to mobile end of muscle

A

insertion

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26
Q

the effects produced by a muscle
-to produce or prevent movement

A

action

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27
Q

what are the four functional categories of muscles that depend on action?

A
  1. prime mover (agonist)
  2. synergist
  3. antagonist
  4. fixator
28
Q

type of muscle that produces most of the force during a joint action
-ex: brachialis

A

prime mover (agonist)

29
Q

type of muscle that aids the prime mover
-stabilizes the nearby joint
-modifies the direction of movement
-ex: biceps brachii

A

synergist

30
Q

type of muscle that opposes the prime mover
-relaxes to give prime mover control over an action
-preventing excess movement and injury
-these pairs act on opposite sides of a joint
-ex: triceps brachii

A

antagonist

31
Q

types of muscles that act on opposite sides of a joint

A

antagonist

32
Q

type of muscle that prevents the movement of bone
-ex: muscles that hold the scapula firmly in place (rhomboids)

A

fixator

33
Q

muscles that are entirely contained within a region, such as the hand
-both its origin and insertion there

A

intrinsic muscles

34
Q

muscles that act on a designated region, but has its origin elsewhere
-ex: fingers- with these types of muscles in the forearm

A

extrinsic muscles

35
Q

How are muscles named?
-describes distinctive aspects of the _____ of the muscle

A

structure, location, or action

36
Q

a name given to ring-like muscles that encircle and orifice and that may form a constricting passage

A

orbicularis, sphincter

37
Q

flexes joint, or brings two ends closer together, decreases joint angle

A

flexor

38
Q

extends joint or brings two ends further apart, increase joint angle

A

extensor

39
Q

elevates a structure or part

A

levator

40
Q

depresses a structure or part

A

depressor

41
Q

adducts or moves a part toward the midline

A

adductor

42
Q

abducts or moves a part away from the midline

A

abductor

43
Q

pronates or turns the hand or forearm downward or backward

A

pronator

44
Q

supinates or turns the hand or forearm upward or forward

A

supinator

45
Q

rotates one structure relative to another

A

rotator

46
Q

refers to the thumb actions only and named for the action of opposition, which is when the tip of the thumb is brought into contact with other fingers

A

opponens

47
Q

How are muscles named?:
The first part of the name always refers to the ____ and the second part to _____, which are joined together to form a compound word.

A

origin, insertion

48
Q

sterno and cleido for its origin, the sternum and clavicle; and mastoid for its insertion, the mastoid process

A

sternocleidomastoid

49
Q

brachio for its origin on the upper arm and radialis for its insertion on the radius of the forearm

A

brachioradialis

50
Q

sterno for its origin on the sternum and hyoid for its insertion at the hyoid bone

A

sternohyoid

51
Q

coraco for its origin on the corocoid process of the scapula and brachialis for its insertion on the humerus of the upper arm

A

coracobrachialis

52
Q

Breathing requires the use of muscles enclosing what cavity?

A

thoracic

53
Q

what is the main muscle for breathing?

A

diaphragm

54
Q

air intake

A

inspiration

55
Q

expelling air

A

expiration

56
Q

What are the main muscles of respiration?

A

-diaphragm
-external intercostal
-internal intercostal
-innermost intercostal muscles

57
Q

What are some other muscles of the chest and abdomen that contribute to breathing?

A

-sternocleidomastoid, scalenes of neck
-pectoralis major and serratus anterior of chest
-latissimus dorsi of back
-abdominal muscles: internal and external obliques, and transverse abdominis
-some anal muscles

58
Q

muscular bone between thoracic and abdominal cavities

A

diaphragm

59
Q

_____ flattens the diaphragm

A

contraction

60
Q

enlargement of the thoracic cavity

A

inspiration

61
Q

in relaxation of diaphragm it ____

A

rises

62
Q

the thoracic cavity shrinks

A

expiration

63
Q

-elevate ribs
-expand thoracic cavity
-create partial vacuum causing inflow of air

A

external intercostals

64
Q

-depresses and retracts ribs
-compresses thoracic cavity
-expelling air

A

internal intercostals

65
Q

same action as internal intercostals:
-depresses and retracts ribs
-compresses thoracic cavity
-expelling air

A

innermost intercostals

66
Q

Muscles that act on opposite sides of joint

A

Antagonistic pairs

Anatomy (10 decks)

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