Joints Flashcards by hannah hayes

severe wasting away of depleted tissues

cachexia

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any point where two bones meet, whether or not the bones are movable at the interface

joint

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typically derived from the names of the bones involved

joint name

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-dense connective tissue that connects bones
-between bones in close contact

fibrous joints

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bones connected by cartilage
-hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage connect bones

cartilaginous joints

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most common and most complex joint
-allows free movement

synovial joints

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functional classification of joints: immovable (cannot move)

synarthrotic

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functional classification of joints: slightly movable (difficult to move)

amphiarthrotic

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functional classification of joints: freely movable (easy to move)
-most joints

diarthrotic

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(aka synarthrosis or synarthrodial joint)
a point at which adjacent bones are bound by collagen fibers that emerge from one bone, cross the space between them, and penetrate into the other (immovable)

fibrous joint

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What are the three kinds of joints?

sutures, gomphoses, syndesmoses

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immovable or slightly movable fibrous joints that closely bind the bones of the skull to each other

sutures

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a type of fibrous joint that attaches a tooth to its socket

gomphosis

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a fibrous joint at which two bones are bound by longer collagenous fibers than in a suture or gomphosis giving the bones more mobility

syndesmosis

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(amphiarthrosis, or amphiarthrodial joint)
two bones are linked by cartilage

cartilaginous joint

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What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?

synchrondroses and symphyses

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bones are bound by hyaline cartilage
-temporary joint in the epiphyseal plate in children
-first rib attachment to sternum

synchrondrosis

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two bones joined by fibrocartilage
-pubic symphysis in which right and left pubic bones joined by interpubic disc
-bodies of vertebrae and intervertebral discs

symphysis

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(diarthrosis or diarthrodial joint)
joint in which two bones are separated by a joint cavity
-most familiar type of joint
-most are freely movable
-most structurally complex type of joint

synovial joint

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layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the facing surfaces of two bones

articular cartilage

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cavity that separates articular surfaces

joint (articular) cavity

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slippery lubricant in joint cavity

synovial fluid

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connective tissue that encloses the cavity and retains the fluid

joint (articular) capsule

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continuous with periosteum of adjoining bones

outer fibrous capsule

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composed mainly of fibroblast-like cells that secrete synovial fluid and macrophages that remove debris from the joint cavity

inner, cellular, synovial membrane

in the knee, two cartilages extend inward from the left and right but do not entirely cross the joint

meniscus

a strip or sheet of tough collagenous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone -most important structure in stabilizing a joint

tendon

similar tissue that attaches one bone to another

ligament

a fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid, located between adjacent muscles, where tendon passes over bone, or between bone and skin

bursa

elongated cylindrical bursae wrapped around a tendon

tendon sheaths

the degrees through which a joint can move

range of motion (ROM)

ROM is determined by...

1.Structure of articular surfaces 2. strength and tautness of ligaments and joint capsules 3. action of the muscles and tendons

state of tension maintained in resting muscles

muscle tone

hip and shoulder joints

ball-and-socket joint

between metacarpals and phalanges

condyloid joint

between carpals and tarsals

gliding joint

elbow and between phalanges

hinge joint

atlantoaxial joint (dens of axis and atlas)

pivot joint

between carpal and metacarpal of thumb

saddle joint

movement that decreases joint angle (common in hinge joints)

flexion

movement that straightens a joint and generally returns a body part to the zero position

extension

further extension of a joint beyond the zero position

hyperextension

movement in which a bone spins on its longitudinal axis -rotation of trunk, thigh, head, or arm

rotation

DO NOT FORGET TO LOOK AT MOTION THROUGH THE PLANES

turns the bone outward

lateral (external) rotation

movement of a body part in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body

abduction

raise arm over back or front of head

hyperabduction

movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline

adduction

crossing fingers, crossing ankles

hyperadduction

movement that raises a body part vertically in the frontal plane

elevation

movement that lowers a body part in the same plane

depression

the anterior movement of a body part in the transverse (horizontal) plane

protraction

posterior movement

retraction

one end of an appendage remains stationary while the other end makes a circular motion

circumduction

forearm movement that turns palm to face anteriorly or upward

supination

forearm movement that turns palms to face with posteriorly or downward

pronation

right or left movement from the zero position (mandible)

lateral excursion

movement back to the median, zero position (mandible)

medial excursion

tilts the hand toward the little finger

ulnar flexion

tilts the hand toward the thumb

radial flexion

curling of the fingers

flexion of fingers

straightening the fingers

extension of fingers

elevation of toe as you do while swinging foot forward to take a step (heel strike)

dorsiflexion

extension of foot so that toes point downward as in standing on tiptoe (toe-off)

plantar flexion

movement in which the soles are turned medially

inversion

movement in which the soles are turned laterally (outward)

eversion

most freely movable joint in the body

shoulder joint

(humeroscapular) hemispherical head of humerus articulates with glenoid cavity of scapula

glenohumeral joint

what are the five principal ligaments that support the shoulder?

3 glenohumeral ligaments, coracohumeral ligament, and transverse humeral ligament

What are the four bursa that occur in the shoulder?

subdeltoid, subacromial, subcoracoid, subscapular

point at which the head of the femur inserts into the acetabulum of the hip bone -bears much more weight, has deeper sockets, and is more stable than the shoulder

coxal (hip) joint

horseshoe-shaped ring of fibrocartilage that deepens socket

acetabular labrum

What are the ligaments that support the hip joint?

iliofemoral and pubofemoral (anterior), ischiofemoral (posterior), transverse acetabular

pit on head of femur -round ligament, or ligamentum teres- arises from here and attaches to lower margin of acetabulum -contains artery that supplies blood to the head of the femur

fovea capitis

some infants suffer from this type of hip dislocation -acetabulum is not deep enough to hold the head of the femur in place

congenital dislocation

largest and most complex diarthrosis of the body; primarily a hinge joint -capable of slight rotation and lateral gliding when knee is flexed

tibiofemoral (knee) joint

gliding joint

patellofemoral joint

-supported by a complex array of extracapsular ligaments external to joint capsule -prevent knee from rotating when joint is extended -fibular (lateral) collateral ligament -tibial (medial) collateral ligament

popliteal region of knee

-prevents hyperextension of knee when this is pulled tight -common site of knee injury

anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

-prevents femur from sliding off tibia -prevents tibia from being displaced backward -untwists the ligaments

posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

What do the medial and lateral meniscus do?

absorb shock and shape joint

a broad term for pain and inflammation of a joint -most common crippling disease in the US

arthritis

physicians who treat arthritis and other joint disorders

rheumatologist

most common form of arthritis -"wear-and-tear" arthritis -results from years of joint wear -articular cartilage softens and degenerates -accompanied by crackling sounds called crepitus -bone spurs develop on exposed bone tissue causing pain

osteoarthritis (OA)

autoimmune attack against the joint tissues -misguided antibodies (rheumatoid factor) attack synovial membrane, enzymes in synovial fluid degrade the articular cartilage, joint begins to ossify -remissions occur, steroids and aspirin control inflammation

rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

solidly fused, immobilized joint

ankylosis