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Anatomy > Joints > Flashcards

Joints Flashcards

1
Q

severe wasting away of depleted tissues

A

cachexia

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2
Q

any point where two bones meet, whether or not the bones are movable at the interface

A

joint

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3
Q

typically derived from the names of the bones involved

A

joint name

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4
Q

-dense connective tissue that connects bones
-between bones in close contact

A

fibrous joints

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5
Q

bones connected by cartilage
-hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage connect bones

A

cartilaginous joints

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6
Q

most common and most complex joint
-allows free movement

A

synovial joints

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7
Q

functional classification of joints: immovable (cannot move)

A

synarthrotic

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8
Q

functional classification of joints: slightly movable (difficult to move)

A

amphiarthrotic

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9
Q

functional classification of joints: freely movable (easy to move)
-most joints

A

diarthrotic

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10
Q

(aka synarthrosis or synarthrodial joint)
a point at which adjacent bones are bound by collagen fibers that emerge from one bone, cross the space between them, and penetrate into the other (immovable)

A

fibrous joint

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11
Q

What are the three kinds of joints?

A

sutures, gomphoses, syndesmoses

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12
Q

immovable or slightly movable fibrous joints that closely bind the bones of the skull to each other

A

sutures

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13
Q

a type of fibrous joint that attaches a tooth to its socket

A

gomphosis

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14
Q

a fibrous joint at which two bones are bound by longer collagenous fibers than in a suture or gomphosis giving the bones more mobility

A

syndesmosis

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15
Q

(amphiarthrosis, or amphiarthrodial joint)
two bones are linked by cartilage

A

cartilaginous joint

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16
Q

What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?

A

synchrondroses and symphyses

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17
Q

bones are bound by hyaline cartilage
-temporary joint in the epiphyseal plate in children
-first rib attachment to sternum

A

synchrondrosis

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18
Q

two bones joined by fibrocartilage
-pubic symphysis in which right and left pubic bones joined by interpubic disc
-bodies of vertebrae and intervertebral discs

A

symphysis

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19
Q

(diarthrosis or diarthrodial joint)
joint in which two bones are separated by a joint cavity
-most familiar type of joint
-most are freely movable
-most structurally complex type of joint

A

synovial joint

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20
Q

layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the facing surfaces of two bones

A

articular cartilage

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21
Q

cavity that separates articular surfaces

A

joint (articular) cavity

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22
Q

slippery lubricant in joint cavity

A

synovial fluid

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23
Q

connective tissue that encloses the cavity and retains the fluid

A

joint (articular) capsule

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24
Q

continuous with periosteum of adjoining bones

A

outer fibrous capsule

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25
Q

composed mainly of fibroblast-like cells that secrete synovial fluid and macrophages that remove debris from the joint cavity

A

inner, cellular, synovial membrane

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26
Q

in the knee, two cartilages extend inward from the left and right but do not entirely cross the joint

A

meniscus

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27
Q

a strip or sheet of tough collagenous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
-most important structure in stabilizing a joint

A

tendon

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28
Q

similar tissue that attaches one bone to another

A

ligament

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29
Q

a fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid, located between adjacent muscles, where tendon passes over bone, or between bone and skin

A

bursa

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30
Q

elongated cylindrical bursae wrapped around a tendon

A

tendon sheaths

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31
Q

the degrees through which a joint can move

A

range of motion (ROM)

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32
Q

ROM is determined by…

A

1.Structure of articular surfaces
2. strength and tautness of ligaments and joint capsules
3. action of the muscles and tendons

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33
Q

state of tension maintained in resting muscles

A

muscle tone

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34
Q

hip and shoulder joints

A

ball-and-socket joint

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35
Q

between metacarpals and phalanges

A

condyloid joint

36
Q

between carpals and tarsals

A

gliding joint

37
Q

elbow and between phalanges

A

hinge joint

38
Q

atlantoaxial joint (dens of axis and atlas)

A

pivot joint

39
Q

between carpal and metacarpal of thumb

A

saddle joint

40
Q

movement that decreases joint angle (common in hinge joints)

A

flexion

41
Q

movement that straightens a joint and generally returns a body part to the zero position

A

extension

42
Q

further extension of a joint beyond the zero position

A

hyperextension

43
Q

movement in which a bone spins on its longitudinal axis
-rotation of trunk, thigh, head, or arm

A

rotation

44
Q

DO NOT FORGET TO LOOK AT MOTION THROUGH THE PLANES

A
45
Q

turns the bone outward

A

lateral (external) rotation

46
Q

movement of a body part in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body

A

abduction

47
Q

raise arm over back or front of head

A

hyperabduction

48
Q

movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline

A

adduction

49
Q

crossing fingers, crossing ankles

A

hyperadduction

50
Q

movement that raises a body part vertically in the frontal plane

A

elevation

51
Q

movement that lowers a body part in the same plane

A

depression

52
Q

the anterior movement of a body part in the transverse (horizontal) plane

A

protraction

53
Q

posterior movement

A

retraction

54
Q

one end of an appendage remains stationary while the other end makes a circular motion

A

circumduction

55
Q

forearm movement that turns palm to face anteriorly or upward

A

supination

56
Q

forearm movement that turns palms to face with posteriorly or downward

A

pronation

57
Q

right or left movement from the zero position (mandible)

A

lateral excursion

58
Q

movement back to the median, zero position (mandible)

A

medial excursion

59
Q

tilts the hand toward the little finger

A

ulnar flexion

60
Q

tilts the hand toward the thumb

A

radial flexion

61
Q

curling of the fingers

A

flexion of fingers

62
Q

straightening the fingers

A

extension of fingers

63
Q

elevation of toe as you do while swinging foot forward to take a step (heel strike)

A

dorsiflexion

64
Q

extension of foot so that toes point downward as in standing on tiptoe (toe-off)

A

plantar flexion

65
Q

movement in which the soles are turned medially

A

inversion

66
Q

movement in which the soles are turned laterally (outward)

A

eversion

67
Q

most freely movable joint in the body

A

shoulder joint

68
Q

(humeroscapular) hemispherical head of humerus articulates with glenoid cavity of scapula

A

glenohumeral joint

69
Q

what are the five principal ligaments that support the shoulder?

A

3 glenohumeral ligaments, coracohumeral ligament, and transverse humeral ligament

70
Q

What are the four bursa that occur in the shoulder?

A

subdeltoid, subacromial, subcoracoid, subscapular

71
Q

point at which the head of the femur inserts into the acetabulum of the hip bone
-bears much more weight, has deeper sockets, and is more stable than the shoulder

A

coxal (hip) joint

72
Q

horseshoe-shaped ring of fibrocartilage that deepens socket

A

acetabular labrum

73
Q

What are the ligaments that support the hip joint?

A

iliofemoral and pubofemoral (anterior), ischiofemoral (posterior), transverse acetabular

74
Q

pit on head of femur
-round ligament, or ligamentum teres- arises from here and attaches to lower margin of acetabulum
-contains artery that supplies blood to the head of the femur

A

fovea capitis

75
Q

some infants suffer from this type of hip dislocation
-acetabulum is not deep enough to hold the head of the femur in place

A

congenital dislocation

76
Q

largest and most complex diarthrosis of the body; primarily a hinge joint
-capable of slight rotation and lateral gliding when knee is flexed

A

tibiofemoral (knee) joint

77
Q

gliding joint

A

patellofemoral joint

78
Q

-supported by a complex array of extracapsular ligaments external to joint capsule
-prevent knee from rotating when joint is extended
-fibular (lateral) collateral ligament
-tibial (medial) collateral ligament

A

popliteal region of knee

79
Q

-prevents hyperextension of knee when this is pulled tight
-common site of knee injury

A

anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

80
Q

-prevents femur from sliding off tibia
-prevents tibia from being displaced backward
-untwists the ligaments

A

posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

81
Q

What do the medial and lateral meniscus do?

A

absorb shock and shape joint

82
Q

a broad term for pain and inflammation of a joint
-most common crippling disease in the US

A

arthritis

83
Q

physicians who treat arthritis and other joint disorders

A

rheumatologist

84
Q

most common form of arthritis
-“wear-and-tear” arthritis
-results from years of joint wear
-articular cartilage softens and degenerates
-accompanied by crackling sounds called crepitus
-bone spurs develop on exposed bone tissue causing pain

A

osteoarthritis (OA)

85
Q

autoimmune attack against the joint tissues
-misguided antibodies (rheumatoid factor) attack synovial membrane, enzymes in synovial fluid degrade the articular cartilage, joint begins to ossify
-remissions occur, steroids and aspirin control inflammation

A

rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

86
Q

solidly fused, immobilized joint

A

ankylosis

Anatomy (10 decks)

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