Joints Flashcards
severe wasting away of depleted tissues
cachexia
any point where two bones meet, whether or not the bones are movable at the interface
joint
typically derived from the names of the bones involved
joint name
-dense connective tissue that connects bones
-between bones in close contact
fibrous joints
bones connected by cartilage
-hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage connect bones
cartilaginous joints
most common and most complex joint
-allows free movement
synovial joints
functional classification of joints: immovable (cannot move)
synarthrotic
functional classification of joints: slightly movable (difficult to move)
amphiarthrotic
functional classification of joints: freely movable (easy to move)
-most joints
diarthrotic
(aka synarthrosis or synarthrodial joint)
a point at which adjacent bones are bound by collagen fibers that emerge from one bone, cross the space between them, and penetrate into the other (immovable)
fibrous joint
What are the three kinds of joints?
sutures, gomphoses, syndesmoses
immovable or slightly movable fibrous joints that closely bind the bones of the skull to each other
sutures
a type of fibrous joint that attaches a tooth to its socket
gomphosis
a fibrous joint at which two bones are bound by longer collagenous fibers than in a suture or gomphosis giving the bones more mobility
syndesmosis
(amphiarthrosis, or amphiarthrodial joint)
two bones are linked by cartilage
cartilaginous joint
What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?
synchrondroses and symphyses
bones are bound by hyaline cartilage
-temporary joint in the epiphyseal plate in children
-first rib attachment to sternum
synchrondrosis
two bones joined by fibrocartilage
-pubic symphysis in which right and left pubic bones joined by interpubic disc
-bodies of vertebrae and intervertebral discs
symphysis
(diarthrosis or diarthrodial joint)
joint in which two bones are separated by a joint cavity
-most familiar type of joint
-most are freely movable
-most structurally complex type of joint
synovial joint
layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the facing surfaces of two bones
articular cartilage
cavity that separates articular surfaces
joint (articular) cavity
slippery lubricant in joint cavity
synovial fluid
connective tissue that encloses the cavity and retains the fluid
joint (articular) capsule
continuous with periosteum of adjoining bones
outer fibrous capsule
composed mainly of fibroblast-like cells that secrete synovial fluid and macrophages that remove debris from the joint cavity
inner, cellular, synovial membrane
in the knee, two cartilages extend inward from the left and right but do not entirely cross the joint
meniscus
a strip or sheet of tough collagenous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
-most important structure in stabilizing a joint
tendon
similar tissue that attaches one bone to another
ligament
a fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid, located between adjacent muscles, where tendon passes over bone, or between bone and skin
bursa
elongated cylindrical bursae wrapped around a tendon
tendon sheaths
the degrees through which a joint can move
range of motion (ROM)
ROM is determined by…
1.Structure of articular surfaces
2. strength and tautness of ligaments and joint capsules
3. action of the muscles and tendons
state of tension maintained in resting muscles
muscle tone
hip and shoulder joints
ball-and-socket joint
between metacarpals and phalanges
condyloid joint
between carpals and tarsals
gliding joint
elbow and between phalanges
hinge joint
atlantoaxial joint (dens of axis and atlas)
pivot joint
between carpal and metacarpal of thumb
saddle joint
movement that decreases joint angle (common in hinge joints)
flexion
movement that straightens a joint and generally returns a body part to the zero position
extension
further extension of a joint beyond the zero position
hyperextension
movement in which a bone spins on its longitudinal axis
-rotation of trunk, thigh, head, or arm
rotation
DO NOT FORGET TO LOOK AT MOTION THROUGH THE PLANES
turns the bone outward
lateral (external) rotation
movement of a body part in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body
abduction
raise arm over back or front of head
hyperabduction
movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline
adduction
crossing fingers, crossing ankles
hyperadduction
movement that raises a body part vertically in the frontal plane
elevation
movement that lowers a body part in the same plane
depression
the anterior movement of a body part in the transverse (horizontal) plane
protraction
posterior movement
retraction
one end of an appendage remains stationary while the other end makes a circular motion
circumduction
forearm movement that turns palm to face anteriorly or upward
supination
forearm movement that turns palms to face with posteriorly or downward
pronation
right or left movement from the zero position (mandible)
lateral excursion
movement back to the median, zero position (mandible)
medial excursion
tilts the hand toward the little finger
ulnar flexion
tilts the hand toward the thumb
radial flexion
curling of the fingers
flexion of fingers
straightening the fingers
extension of fingers
elevation of toe as you do while swinging foot forward to take a step (heel strike)
dorsiflexion
extension of foot so that toes point downward as in standing on tiptoe (toe-off)
plantar flexion
movement in which the soles are turned medially
inversion
movement in which the soles are turned laterally (outward)
eversion
most freely movable joint in the body
shoulder joint
(humeroscapular) hemispherical head of humerus articulates with glenoid cavity of scapula
glenohumeral joint
what are the five principal ligaments that support the shoulder?
3 glenohumeral ligaments, coracohumeral ligament, and transverse humeral ligament
What are the four bursa that occur in the shoulder?
subdeltoid, subacromial, subcoracoid, subscapular
point at which the head of the femur inserts into the acetabulum of the hip bone
-bears much more weight, has deeper sockets, and is more stable than the shoulder
coxal (hip) joint
horseshoe-shaped ring of fibrocartilage that deepens socket
acetabular labrum
What are the ligaments that support the hip joint?
iliofemoral and pubofemoral (anterior), ischiofemoral (posterior), transverse acetabular
pit on head of femur
-round ligament, or ligamentum teres- arises from here and attaches to lower margin of acetabulum
-contains artery that supplies blood to the head of the femur
fovea capitis
some infants suffer from this type of hip dislocation
-acetabulum is not deep enough to hold the head of the femur in place
congenital dislocation
largest and most complex diarthrosis of the body; primarily a hinge joint
-capable of slight rotation and lateral gliding when knee is flexed
tibiofemoral (knee) joint
gliding joint
patellofemoral joint
-supported by a complex array of extracapsular ligaments external to joint capsule
-prevent knee from rotating when joint is extended
-fibular (lateral) collateral ligament
-tibial (medial) collateral ligament
popliteal region of knee
-prevents hyperextension of knee when this is pulled tight
-common site of knee injury
anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
-prevents femur from sliding off tibia
-prevents tibia from being displaced backward
-untwists the ligaments
posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
What do the medial and lateral meniscus do?
absorb shock and shape joint
a broad term for pain and inflammation of a joint
-most common crippling disease in the US
arthritis
physicians who treat arthritis and other joint disorders
rheumatologist
most common form of arthritis
-“wear-and-tear” arthritis
-results from years of joint wear
-articular cartilage softens and degenerates
-accompanied by crackling sounds called crepitus
-bone spurs develop on exposed bone tissue causing pain
osteoarthritis (OA)
autoimmune attack against the joint tissues
-misguided antibodies (rheumatoid factor) attack synovial membrane, enzymes in synovial fluid degrade the articular cartilage, joint begins to ossify
-remissions occur, steroids and aspirin control inflammation
rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
solidly fused, immobilized joint
ankylosis
