DNA

Question 1

a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes
-two polynucleotide chains
-hydrogen bonds hold nitrogenous bases together
-forms a helix

Answer 1

DNA

Question 2

What are the four bases in DNA?

Answer 2

adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine

Question 3

How do the four bases in DNA pair together?

Answer 3

A-T; C-G

Question 4

double ring; adenine, guanine

Answer 4

purines

Question 5

single ring; cytosine, thymine

Answer 5

pyrimidines

Question 6

Nitrogenous bases are united by what?

Answer 6

hydrogen bonds

Question 7

one strand determines the base sequence of another

Answer 7

Law of Complementary Base Pairing

Question 8

genetic instructions for synthesis of proteins

Answer 8

genes

Question 9

segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein

Answer 9

gene

Question 10

all the genes of one person
-humans have an estimated 20,000 to 25,000 genes
-2% of total DNA

Answer 10

genome

Question 11

delivers genetic information from nucleus to cytoplasm
-single polynucleotide chain

Answer 11

messenger RNA (mRNA)

Question 12

making of mRNA
-step from DNA to mRNA
-occurs in the nucleus where DNA is located
-copying genetic instructions from DNA to RNA

Answer 12

transcription

Question 13

a system that enables these four nucleotides to code for the amino acid sequence of all proteins

Answer 13

genetic code

Question 14

a sequence of three DNA nucleotides that stands for one amino acid

Answer 14

base triplet

Question 15

3 base sequence on mRNA

Answer 15

codon

Question 16

step from mRNA to protein
-most occur in cytoplasm
The master sequence for the protein is now coded in the mRNA. Each group of three nucleotide codes for one amino acid, and is therefore called a codon

Answer 16

translation

Question 17

change in genetic information
-results when: extra bases are added or deleted; bases are changed

Answer 17

mutation

Question 18

the process of making a copy of DNA

Answer 18

DNA replication

Question 19

the cell’s life cycle that extends from one division to the next

Answer 19

cell cycle

Question 20

Phases of the cell cycle:
-interval between cell division and DNA replication
-accumulates materials needed to replicate DNA

Answer 20

G1 phase (first gap phase)

Question 21

Phases of the cell cycle:
-duplicates centrioles
-DNA replication occurs

Answer 21

S phase (synthesis phase)

Question 22

Phases of the cell cycle:
-interval between DNA replication and cell division
-finishes centriole duplication
-synthesizes enzymes that control cell division
-repairs DNA replication errors

Answer 22

G2 phase (second gap phase)

Question 23

Phases of the cell cycle:
-cell replicates its nucleus
-pinches in two to form new daughter cells

Answer 23

M phase (mitotic phase)

Question 24

transmission of genetic characteristics from parent to offspring

Answer 24

heredity

Question 25

chart of 46 chromosomes laid out in order by size and other physical features

Answer 25

karyotype

Question 26

chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes and the same structure

Answer 26

homologous chromosomes

Question 27

any cell with 23 pairs of chromosomes (somatic cells)

Answer 27

diploid cell

Question 28

contain half as many chromosomes as somatic cells: sperm and egg cells (germ cells)

Answer 28

haploid cell

Question 29

the location of a particular gene on a chromosome

Answer 29

locus

Question 30

different forms of gene at same locus on two homologous chromosomes

Answer 30

alleles

Question 31

an allele whose trait always shows up in the organism when the allele is present

Answer 31

dominant allele

Question 32

an allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present

Answer 32

recessive allele

Question 33

the alleles that an individual possesses for a particular trait (genetic makeup)

Answer 33

genotype

Question 34

an observable trait; the trait that is actually seen

Answer 34

phenotype

Question 35

two identical alleles for a trait

Answer 35

homozygous allele

Question 36

different alleles for that gene

Answer 36

heterozygous allele

Question 37

trait controlled by two or more genes

Answer 37

polygenic

Question 38

mutation on chromosome 3 that blocks the breakdown of tyrosine

Answer 38

alkaptonuria

Question 39

carried on the X and Y chromosomes, and therefore tend to be inherited by one sex more than another

Answer 39

sex-linked traits

Question 40

slow growth; contain in fibrous capsule; will not metastasize; usually easy to treat

Answer 40

benign tumor

Question 41

cancer; fast growing; metastasize; give off cells that seed the growth of multiple tumors elsewhere

Answer 41

malignant tumor

Question 42

medical specialty that deals with both benign and malignant tumors

Answer 42

oncology

Question 43

in-growth of blood vessels stimulated by energy-hungry tumors

Answer 43

tumor angiogenesis

Question 44

What are some risk factors for breast cancer?

Answer 44

age, gender, family history, race, estrogen exposure