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Anatomy > DNA > Flashcards

DNA Flashcards

1
Q

a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes
-two polynucleotide chains
-hydrogen bonds hold nitrogenous bases together
-forms a helix

A

DNA

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2
Q

What are the four bases in DNA?

A

adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine

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3
Q

How do the four bases in DNA pair together?

A

A-T; C-G

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4
Q

double ring; adenine, guanine

A

purines

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5
Q

single ring; cytosine, thymine

A

pyrimidines

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6
Q

Nitrogenous bases are united by what?

A

hydrogen bonds

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7
Q

one strand determines the base sequence of another

A

Law of Complementary Base Pairing

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8
Q

genetic instructions for synthesis of proteins

A

genes

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9
Q

segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein

A

gene

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10
Q

all the genes of one person
-humans have an estimated 20,000 to 25,000 genes
-2% of total DNA

A

genome

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11
Q

delivers genetic information from nucleus to cytoplasm
-single polynucleotide chain

A

messenger RNA (mRNA)

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12
Q

making of mRNA
-step from DNA to mRNA
-occurs in the nucleus where DNA is located
-copying genetic instructions from DNA to RNA

A

transcription

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13
Q

a system that enables these four nucleotides to code for the amino acid sequence of all proteins

A

genetic code

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14
Q

a sequence of three DNA nucleotides that stands for one amino acid

A

base triplet

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15
Q

3 base sequence on mRNA

A

codon

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16
Q

step from mRNA to protein
-most occur in cytoplasm
The master sequence for the protein is now coded in the mRNA. Each group of three nucleotide codes for one amino acid, and is therefore called a codon

A

translation

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17
Q

change in genetic information
-results when: extra bases are added or deleted; bases are changed

A

mutation

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18
Q

the process of making a copy of DNA

A

DNA replication

19
Q

the cell’s life cycle that extends from one division to the next

A

cell cycle

20
Q

Phases of the cell cycle:
-interval between cell division and DNA replication
-accumulates materials needed to replicate DNA

A

G1 phase (first gap phase)

21
Q

Phases of the cell cycle:
-duplicates centrioles
-DNA replication occurs

A

S phase (synthesis phase)

22
Q

Phases of the cell cycle:
-interval between DNA replication and cell division
-finishes centriole duplication
-synthesizes enzymes that control cell division
-repairs DNA replication errors

A

G2 phase (second gap phase)

23
Q

Phases of the cell cycle:
-cell replicates its nucleus
-pinches in two to form new daughter cells

A

M phase (mitotic phase)

24
Q

transmission of genetic characteristics from parent to offspring

A

heredity

25
Q

chart of 46 chromosomes laid out in order by size and other physical features

A

karyotype

26
Q

chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes and the same structure

A

homologous chromosomes

27
Q

any cell with 23 pairs of chromosomes (somatic cells)

A

diploid cell

28
Q

contain half as many chromosomes as somatic cells: sperm and egg cells (germ cells)

A

haploid cell

29
Q

the location of a particular gene on a chromosome

A

locus

30
Q

different forms of gene at same locus on two homologous chromosomes

A

alleles

31
Q

an allele whose trait always shows up in the organism when the allele is present

A

dominant allele

32
Q

an allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present

A

recessive allele

33
Q

the alleles that an individual possesses for a particular trait (genetic makeup)

A

genotype

34
Q

an observable trait; the trait that is actually seen

A

phenotype

35
Q

two identical alleles for a trait

A

homozygous allele

36
Q

different alleles for that gene

A

heterozygous allele

37
Q

trait controlled by two or more genes

A

polygenic

38
Q

mutation on chromosome 3 that blocks the breakdown of tyrosine

A

alkaptonuria

39
Q

carried on the X and Y chromosomes, and therefore tend to be inherited by one sex more than another

A

sex-linked traits

40
Q

slow growth; contain in fibrous capsule; will not metastasize; usually easy to treat

A

benign tumor

41
Q

cancer; fast growing; metastasize; give off cells that seed the growth of multiple tumors elsewhere

A

malignant tumor

42
Q

medical specialty that deals with both benign and malignant tumors

A

oncology

43
Q

in-growth of blood vessels stimulated by energy-hungry tumors

A

tumor angiogenesis

44
Q

What are some risk factors for breast cancer?

A

age, gender, family history, race, estrogen exposure

Anatomy (10 decks)

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