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Anatomy > Exam 4 Study Guide > Flashcards

Exam 4 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

cylinder of nervous tissue that arises from the brainstem at the foramen magnum of the skull

A

spinal cord

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2
Q

the spinal cord passes through what?

A

vertebral canal

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3
Q

the spinal cord occupies how much of the vertebral canal?

A

2/3

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4
Q

the spinal cord gives rise to how many pairs of spinal nerves?
-first pair passes between the skull and C1
-the rest passes through intervertebral foramina

A

31 pairs

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5
Q

part of the spinal cord supplied by each pair of spinal nerves

A

segment

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6
Q

what are some longitudinal grooves on anterior and posterior sides?

A

anterior median fissure and posterior median sulcus

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7
Q

what are the four regions that the spinal cord is divided into?

A

-cervical
-thoracic
-lumbar
-sacral

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8
Q

what are the two areas of the spinal cord that are thicker than elsewhere?

A

cervical enlargement and lumbar enlargement

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9
Q

spinal enlargement: nerves to upper limb

A

cervical enlargement

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10
Q

spinal enlargement: nerve to pelvic region and lower limbs

A

lumbar enlargement

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11
Q

cord tapers to a point inferior to lumbar enlargement

A

conus medullaris (medullary cone)

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12
Q

bundle of nerve roots that occupy the vertebral canal from L2 to S5

A

cauda equina

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13
Q

three fibrous connective tissue membranes that enclose the brain and spinal cord
-separate soft tissue of central nervous system from bones of cranium and vertebral canal

A

meninges

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14
Q

what is the order of the meninges from superficial to deep?

A

dura mater (outside), arachnoid mater (middle), pia mater (inside)

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15
Q

the spinal cord has a central core of what that looks butterfly shaped in cross section

A

gray matter

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16
Q

this is visible from T2 through L1
- contains neurons of sympathetic nervous system

A

lateral horn

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17
Q

this surrounds gray matter in the spinal cord

A

white matter

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18
Q

three pairs of these white matter bundles are called what?

A

columns or funiculi

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19
Q

subdivisions of each column of white matter

A

tracts or fasciculi

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20
Q

carry sensory information up the spinal cord

A

ascending tracts

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21
Q

carry motor information down the spinal cord
-all nerve fibers in a given tract have a similar origin, destination and function

A

descending tracts

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22
Q

as the fibers pass up or down the brainstem and spinal cord they cross over from the left to the right side and vice versa

A

decussation

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23
Q

when the origin and destination of a tract are on opposite sides of the body

A

contralateral

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24
Q

when the origin and destination of a tract are on the same side of the body; does not decussate

A

ipsilateral

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25
Q

what do ascending tracts do?

A

carry sensory signals up the spinal cord

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26
Q

What are the three neurons that sensory signals travel across from origin in receptors to the destination in the sensory areas of the brain?

A
  1. first-order neurons
  2. second-order neurons
  3. third-order neurons
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27
Q

type of neuron that detects stimulus and transmits signals to spinal cord or brainstem

A

first-order neurons

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28
Q

type of neuron that continues to the thalamus at the upper end of the brainstem

A

second-order neurons

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29
Q

type of neuron that carries the signal the rest of the way to the sensory region of the cerebral cortex

A

third-order neurons

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30
Q

carries signals from midthoracic and lower parts of the body
-composes the entire posterior column below T6
-consists of first-order nerve fibers that travel up the ipsilateral side of the spinal cord
-terminates at the gracile nucleus of the medulla oblongata
-carries signals for vibration, visceral pain, deep and discriminative touch, and proprioception from lower limbs and lower trunk

A

gracile fasciculus

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31
Q

nonvisual sense of the position and movements of the body

A

proprioception

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32
Q

joins gracile fasciculus at T6
-occupies lateral portion of the posterior column
-carries the same type of sensory signals
-originates from the level of T6 and up
-fibers end in the cuneate nucleus on the ipsilateral side of the medulla oblongata
-carry signals to contralateral cerebral hemisphere

A

cuneate fasciculus

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33
Q

formed from the second-order neurons of gracile and cuneate systems that decussate in the medulla

A

medial lemniscus

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34
Q

one of the smaller tracts of the anterolateral system
-carry signals for pain, pressure, temperature, light touch, tickle, and itch
-first-order neurons end in posterior horn of spinal cord
-synapse with second-order neurons which decussate to other side of spinal cord and form this
-third-order neurons continue to form there to cerebral cortex
-send signals to the contralateral cerebral hemisphere

A

spinothalamic tract

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35
Q

a specific area of the skin that receives sensory input from a pair of spinal nerves

A

dermatome

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36
Q

a diagram of the cutaneous regions innervated by each spinal nerve

A

dermatome map

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37
Q

these overlap their edges as much as 50%
-necessary to sever or anesthetize three successive spinal nerves to produce a total loss of sensation in one dermatome

A

dermatomes

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38
Q

carry motor signals down the brainstem and spinal cord
-involve two neurons

A

descending tracts

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39
Q

What are the two neurons that are involved in the descending tracts?

A

upper motor neuron and lower motor neuron

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40
Q

motor neuron that originates in cerebral cortex or brainstem and terminates on a lower motor neuron

A

upper motor neuron

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41
Q

motor neuron in brainstem or spinal cord
-axon of lower motor neuron leads the rest of the way to the muscle or other target organ

A

lower motor neuron

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42
Q

from cerebral cortex for precise, finely coordinated limb movements
-decussate in lower medulla
-two neuron pathways

A

corticospinal tracts

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43
Q

ridges on anterior surface of the medulla oblongata formed from fibers of this system

A

pyramids

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44
Q

what are the two neuron pathways of the corticospinal tracts?

A
  1. upper motor neuron in cerebral cortex
  2. lower motor neuron in spinal cord
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45
Q

What are the 31 pairs of spinal nerves?

A

-8 cervical
-12 thoracic
-5 lumbar
-5 sacral
-1 coccygeal

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46
Q

spinal nerves: thoracic

A

T1-T12

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47
Q

spinal nerves: cervical

A

C1-C8

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48
Q

spinal nerves: lumbar

A

L1-L5

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49
Q

spinal nerves: sacral

A

S1-S5

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50
Q

spinal nerves: coccygeal

A

Co

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51
Q

what form spinal nerves?

A

proximal branches

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52
Q

sensory input to spinal cord

A

posterior (dorsal) root

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53
Q

contains the somas of sensory neurons carrying signals to the spinal cord

A

posterior (dorsal) root ganglion

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54
Q

motor output out of spinal cord

A

anterior (ventral) root

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55
Q

formed from roots arising from L2 to Co

A

cauda equina

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56
Q

quick, involuntary, stereotyped reactions of glands or muscle to stimulation
-automatic responses to sensory input that occur without our intent or often even our awareness

A

somatic reflexes

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57
Q

what are the four important properties of a reflex?

A
  1. require stimulation
  2. are quick
  3. are involuntary
  4. are stereotyped
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58
Q

properties of a reflex: not spontaneous actions, but responses to sensory input

A

reflexes require stimulation

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59
Q

properties of a reflex: involve few, if any, interneurons and minimum synaptic delay

A

reflexes are quick

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60
Q

properties of a reflex: occur without intent and difficult to suppress; automatic response

A

reflexes are involuntary

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61
Q

properties of a reflex: occur essentially the same way every time

A

reflexes are stereotyped

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62
Q

What is the pathway of reflex arc?

A

-somatic receptors
-afferent nerve fibers
-integrating center
-efferent nerve fibers
-effectors

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63
Q

pathway of reflex arc: in skin, muscles, or tendons

A

somatic receptors

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64
Q

pathway of reflex arc: carry information from receptors to posterior horn of spinal cord or the brainstem

A

afferent nerve fibers

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65
Q

pathway of reflex arc: a point of synaptic contact between neurons in gray matter of spinal cord or brainstem
-determines whether efferent neurons issue signal to muscles

A

integrating center

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66
Q

pathway of reflex arc: carry motor impulses to skeletal muscle

A

efferent nerve fibers

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67
Q

pathway of reflex arc: the somatic effectors carry out the response

A

effectors

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68
Q

Look over the last couple slides of Chapter 13

A

:)

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69
Q

toward the forehead (front)

A

rostral

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70
Q

toward the spinal cord (back)

A

caudal

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71
Q

What are the three major portions of the brain?

A

-cerebrum
-cerebellum
-brainstem

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72
Q

-83% of brain volume
-cerebral hemispheres, gyri, and sulci, longitudinal fissure, corpus callosum

A

cerebrum

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73
Q

-contains 50% of the neurons
-second largest brain region, located in posterior cranial fossa

A

cerebellum

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74
Q

-the portion of the brain that remains if the cerebrum and cerebellum are removed
-diencephalon, midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

A

brainstem

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75
Q

deep groove that separates cerebral hemispheres

A

longitudinal fissure

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76
Q

thick folds on the brain

A

gyri or gyrus

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77
Q

shallow grooves on the brain

A

sulci or sulcus

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78
Q

thick nerve bundle at bottom of longitudinal fissure that connects hemispheres (white matter)

A

corpus callosum

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79
Q

the seat of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and synapses
-dull white color when fresh, due to little myelin
-forms surface layer (cortex) over cerebrum and cerebellum
-forms nuclei deep within brain

A

gray matter

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80
Q

bundles of axons
-lies deep to cortical gray matter, opposite relationship in the spinal cord
-pearly white color from myelin around nerve fibers
-composed of tracts, or bundles of axons, that connect one part of the brain to another, and to the spinal cord

A

white matter

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81
Q

three connective tissue membranes that envelop the brain (continuation of the spinal cord)
-lies between the nervous tissue and bone
-as in spinal cord, they are the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and the pia mater
-protect the brain and provide structural framework for its arteries and veins

A

meninges

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82
Q

folds inward to extend between parts of the brain
-falx cerebri
-tentorium cerebelli
-falx cerebelli

A

meninges

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83
Q

separates the two cerebral hemispheres

A

falx cerebri

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84
Q

separates cerebrum from cerebellum

A

tentorium cerebelli

85
Q

separates the right and left halves of the cerebellum

A

falx cerebelli

86
Q

inflammation of the meninges; caused by bacterial and virus invasion of the CNS by way of the nose and throat; signs include high fever, stiff neck, drowsiness, and intense headache; may progress to coma then death within hours of onset; diagnosed by examining the CSF for bacteria
-serious disease of infancy and childhood
-especially between 3 months and 2 years of age

A

meningitis

87
Q

what meninges are most affected by meningitis?

A

pia mater and arachnoid mater

88
Q

this type of meningitis can cause swelling of the brain, enlargement of the ventricles, and hemorrhage

A

bacterial meningitis

89
Q

four internal chambers within the brain

A

ventricles

90
Q

ventricles: one on each cerebral hemisphere

A

two lateral ventricles

91
Q

tiny pore that connects to third ventricle

A

interventricular foramen

92
Q

single narrow medial space beneath corpus callosum
-cerebral aqueduct runs through midbrain and connects third to fourth ventricle

A

third ventricle

93
Q

small triangular chamber between pons and cerebellum
-connects to central canal, runs down through spinal cord

A

fourth ventricle

94
Q

this continuously flows through and around the CNS
-driven by its own pressure, beating of ependymal cilia, and pulsations of the brain produced by each heartbeat

A

cerebrospinal fluid

95
Q

describe how CSF flows

A

-CSF secreted in lateral ventricles flows through intervertebral foramina into third ventricle
-then down the cerebral aqueduct into the fourth ventricle
-third and fourth ventricles add more CSF along the way

96
Q

what are the functions of CSF?

A
  1. buoyancy
  2. protection
  3. chemical stability
97
Q

functions of CSF: allows brain and spinal cord to float
-allows brain to attain considerable size without being impaired by its own weight

A

buoyancy

98
Q

functions of CSF: protects the brain from striking the cranium when the head is jolted
-shaken child syndrome and concussions do occur from severe jolting

A

protection

99
Q

functions of CSF: flow of CSF rinses away metabolic wastes from nervous tissue and homeostatically regulates its chemical environment

A

chemical stability

100
Q

this part of the brain controls the endocrine system
-major control center of autonomic nervous system and endocrine systems

A

hypothalamus

101
Q

a stalk that attaches the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus

A

infundiblulum

102
Q

what are the functions of hypothalamic nuclei?

A
  1. hormone secretion
  2. autonomic effects
  3. thermoregulation
  4. food and water intake
  5. rhythm of sleep and waking
  6. memory
  7. emotional behavior
103
Q

functions of the hypothalamus: controls anterior pituitary
-regulates growth, metabolism, reproduction, and stress responses

A

hormone secretion

104
Q

functions of the hypothalamus: major integrating center for autonomic nervous system
-influences heart rate, blood pressure, gastrointestinal secretions, etc.

A

autonomic effects

105
Q

functions of the hypothalamus: hypothalamic thermostat monitors body temperature
-activates heat-loss center when temp is too high
-activates heat-promoting center when temp is too low

A

thermoregulation

106
Q

functions of the hypothalamus: hunger and satiety centers monitor blood glucose and amino acid levels
-thirst center monitors osmolarity of the blood

A

food and water intake

107
Q

functions of the hypothalamus: controls 24-hour (circadian) rhythm of activity

A

rhythm of sleep and waking

108
Q

functions of the hypothalamus: mammillary nuclei receive signals from hippocampus

A

memory

109
Q

functions of the hypothalamus: anger, aggression, fear, pleasure, and contentment

A

emotional behavior

110
Q

largest and most conspicuous part of the human brain
-seat of sensory perception, memory, thought, judgement, and voluntary motor actions

A

cerebrum

111
Q

increase amount of cortex in the cranial cavity

A

gyri and sulci

112
Q

What are the parts of the cerebrum?

A
  1. frontal lobe
  2. parietal lobe
  3. occipital lobe
  4. temporal lobe
  5. insula
113
Q

part of cerebrum: voluntary motor functions
-motivation, foresight, planning, memory, mood, emotions, social judgement, and aggression

A

frontal lobe

114
Q

part of cerebrum: receives and integrates general sensory information, taste, and some visual processing

A

parietal lobe

115
Q

part of cerebrum: primary visual center of brain

A

occipital lobe

116
Q

part of cerebrum: areas for hearing, smell, learning, memory, and some aspects of vision and emotion

A

temporal lobe

117
Q

part of cerebrum: understanding spoken language, taste and sensory information from visceral receptors

A

insula

118
Q

what are the three types of tracts of the cerebral white matter?

A
  1. projection tracts
  2. commissural tracts
  3. association tracts
119
Q

cerebral white matter tract: extend from the brain out to the rest of the body
-extends vertically between higher and lower brain and spinal cord centers
-carries information between cerebrum and rest of the body

A

projection tracts

120
Q

cerebral white matter tract: cross from one cerebral hemisphere through bridges called commissures
-most pass through corpus callosum
-anterior and posterior commissures
-enables the two sides of the cerebrum to communicate with each other

A

commissural tracts

121
Q

cerebral white matter tract: shortest fibers because they stay within hemisphere; do not cross
-connect different regions within the same cerebral hemisphere
-long association fibers
-short association fibers

A

association tracts

122
Q

association tracts: fibers that connect different lobes of a hemisphere to each other

A

long association fibers

123
Q

association tracts: fibers that connect different gyri within a single lobe

A

short association fibers

124
Q

masses of cerebral gray matter buried deep in the white matter, lateral to the thalamus
-involved in motor control, related to Parkinson’s disease

A

basal nuclei

125
Q

important center of emotion and learning

A

limbic system

126
Q

monitors surface electrical activity of the brain waves
-useful for studying normal brain functions as sleep and consciousness
-in diagnosis of degenerative brain diseases, metabolic abnormalities, brain tumors, etc.

A

electroencephalogram (EEG)

127
Q

the range of mental processes by which we acquire and use knowledge
-such as memory perception, thought, reasoning, judgement, memory, imagination, and intuition

A

cognition

128
Q

cognition: parietal lobe association area

A

perceiving stimuli

129
Q

unaware of objects on opposite side of the body

A

contralateral neglect syndrome

130
Q

cognition: temporal lobe association area

A

identifying stimuli

131
Q

inability to recognize, identify, and name familiar objects

A

agnosia

132
Q

person cannot remember familiar faces

A

prosopagnosia

133
Q

cognition: association area planning our responses and personality
-inability to execute appropriate behavior

A

frontal lobe association area

134
Q

information management entitles learning, memory, forgetting

A

memory

135
Q

acquiring new information

A

learning

136
Q

information storage and retrieval

A

memory

137
Q

eliminating trivial information; as important as remembering

A

forgetting

138
Q

defects in declarative memory
-inability to describe past events

A

amnesia

139
Q

ability to tie one’s shoes

A

procedural memory

140
Q

unable to store new information
-can’t learn anything new

A

anterograde amnesia

141
Q

person cannot recall things known before injury
-forget what happened before

A

retrograde amnesia

142
Q

diagram of the primary somesthetic cortex which resembles an upside-down sensory map of the contralateral side of the body

A

sensory homunculus

143
Q

point-to-point correspondence between an area of the body an an area of the CNS

A

somatotopy

144
Q

this includes several abilities: reading, writing, speaking, and understanding words assigned to different regions of the cerebral cortex
-there are two of these areas

A

language

145
Q

what are the two language areas?

A
  1. Wernicke area
  2. Broca area
146
Q

language area: permits recognition of spoken and written language and creates plan of speech
-when we intend to speak, this area formulates phrases according to learned rules of grammar
-transmits plan of speech to Broca area

A

Wernicke area

147
Q

language area: motor control of language (pronunciation)
-generates motor program for the muscles of the larynx, tongue, cheeks, and lips
-transmits program to primary motor cortex for commands to the lower motor neurons that supply relevant muscles

A

Broca area

148
Q

these language area lesions produce aprosody- flat emotionless speech

A

affective language area

149
Q

any language deficit from lesions in same hemisphere (usually left) containing the Wernicke and Broca areas (language defect)

A

aphasia

150
Q

lesion in Broca area
-slow speech, difficulty in choosing words, using words that only approximate the correct word

A

nonfluent (Broca) aphasia

151
Q

lesion in Wernicke area
-talking in nonsense
-speech normal and excessive, but uses senseless jargon
-cannot comprehend written and spoken words

A

fluent (Wernicke) aphasia

152
Q

can speak normally and understand speech, but cannot identify written words or pictures

A

anomic aphasia

153
Q

Which cranial nerves are sensory nerves?

A

one, two, and eight

154
Q

which cranial nerves are motor nerves?

A

three, four, six, eleven, and twelve

155
Q

which cranial nerves are mixed (both sensory and motor)?

A

five, seven, nine, ten

156
Q

study the muscles of the eye

A

6 muscles
-rectus: straight
-oblique: slanted

157
Q

everything runs automatically without voluntary control
-heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature

A

autonomic nervous system

158
Q

unconscious, automatic, stereotyped responses to stimulation involving visceral receptors and effectors and somewhat slower responses

A

visceral reflexes

159
Q

visceral reflex arc order

A

-receptors
-afferent neurons
-interneurons
-efferent neurons
-effectors

160
Q

visceral reflex arc: nerve endings that detect stretch, tissue damage, blood chemicals, body temperature, and other internal stimuli

A

receptors

161
Q

visceral reflex arc: leading to the CNS

A

afferent neurons

162
Q

visceral reflex arc: in the CNS

A

interneurons

163
Q

visceral reflex arc: carry motor signals away from the CNS

A

efferent neurons

164
Q

visceral reflex arc: that make adjustments

A

effectors

165
Q

What are the two divisions of the ANS?

A
  1. sympathetic division
  2. parasympathetic division
166
Q

division of the ANS: prepare body for fight-or-flight
-excites the hearts but inhibits digestive and urinary function
-prepares body for physical activity: exercise, trauma, arousal, competition, anger, or fear
-increases heart rate, BP, airflow, blood glucose levels, etc
-reduces blood flow to the skin and digestive tract

A

sympathetic division

167
Q

division of the ANS: rest and digest
-calms many body functions reducing energy expenditure and assists in bodily maintenance
-digestion and waste elimination
-“resting and digesting” state

A

parasympathetic division

168
Q

signal must travel across two neurons to get to the target organ
-must cross a synapse where these two neurons meet in an autonomic ganglion
-presynaptic neuron
-synapses with a postganglionic neuron whose axon extends the rest of the way to the target cell

A

autonomic pathway

169
Q

the first neuron has a soma in the brainstem or spinal cord

A

presynaptic neuron

170
Q

skeletal muscles
-one synapse neuromuscular juncture

A

somatic efferent innervation

171
Q

cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands
-2 synapses
-2 neurotransmitters

A

autonomic efferent innervation

172
Q

also called the thoracolumbar division because it arises from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord
-relatively short preganglionic and long postganglionic fibers
-preganglionic neurosomas in lateral horns and nearby regions of the gray matter of spinal cord

A

sympathetic division

173
Q

what is the origin of sympathetic nervous system?

A

lateral horn or T1 to L2

174
Q

sympathetic chain ganglia chart

A

chapter 15 slide 12

175
Q

each paravertebral ganglion is connected to a spinal nerve by two branches

A

communicating rami

176
Q

small myelinated fibers that travel from spinal nerve to the ganglion by way of the white communicating ramus (myelinated)
-relatively short

A

preganglionic fibers

177
Q

fibers that leave the ganglion by way of the gray communicating ramus (unmyelinated)
-relatively long
-forms a bridge back to the spinal nerve

A

postganglionic fibers

178
Q

fibers that extend the rest of the way to the target organ

A

postganglionic fibers

179
Q

after entering this, the postganglionic fibers may follow any of three courses

A

sympathetic chain

180
Q

what are the three courses that postganglionic fibers may follow?

A
  1. some end up in ganglia which they enter and synapse immediately with a postganglionic neuron
  2. some travel up or down the chain and synapse in ganglia at other levels
  3. some pass through the chain without synapsing and continue as splanchnic nerves
181
Q

parasympathetic division is also called what?

A

craniosacral division

182
Q

this division arises from the brain and sacral regions of the spinal cord
-fibers travel in certain cranial and sacral nerves

A

parasympathetic division (craniosacral division)

183
Q

what is the origin of long preganglionic neurons?

A

-midbrain, pons, and medulla
-sacral spinal cord segments S2 to S4

184
Q

what are the two origins of the parasympathetic division?

A
  1. cranial origin
  2. sacral origin
185
Q

origin from brain

A

cranial origin

186
Q

origin from S2 to S4

A

sacral origin

187
Q

pathways of these types of fibers
-fibers in cranial nerves 3, 7, 9, and 10
-fibers arising from sacral spinal cord

A

long preganglionic fibers

188
Q

ganglia in or near target organs
-long preganglionic, short postganglionic fibers

A

terminal ganglia

189
Q

this is less than sympathetic division
-one preganglionic fiber reaches the target organ and then stimulates fewer than five postganglionic cells

A

neuronal divergence

190
Q

what are the parasympathetic cranial nerves?

A

-oculomotor nerve (3)
-facial nerve (7)
-glossopharyngeal nerve (9)
-vagus nerve (10)

191
Q

cranial nerve: narrows pupil and focuses lens

A

oculomotor nerve (3)

192
Q

cranial nerve: tear, nasal, and salivary glands

A

facial nerve (7)

193
Q

cranial nerve: parotid salivary gland

A

glossopharyngeal nerve (9)

194
Q

cranial nerve: carries majority of the components of parasympathetic nervous system
-viscera as far as proximal half of colon
-cardiac, pulmonary, and esophageal plexus
-provides majority of parasympathetic nervous system energy

A

vagus nerve (10)

195
Q

remaining parasympathetic fibers arise from what levels of the spinal cord?

A

S2 to S4

196
Q

this neurotransmitter is secreted by all preganglionic neurons in both divisions and the postganglionic parasympathetic neurons
-called cholinergic fibers
-any receptor that binds it is called cholinergic receptor

A

acetylcholine (ACh)

197
Q

look over the neurotransmitters and their receptors slide

A

chapter 15 slide 23

198
Q

most viscera receive nerve fibers from both parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions
-antagonistic effect
-cooperative effects

A

dual innervation

199
Q

dual innervation: oppose each other (parasympathetic vs. sympathetic)

A

antagonistic effect

200
Q

dual innervation: two divisions act on different effectors to produce a unified overall effect

A

cooperative effects

201
Q

oppose each other; exerted through dual innervation of same effector cells
-heart rate decreases (parasympathetic)
-heart rate increases (sympathetic)
exerted because each division innervates different cells
-pupillary dilator muscle (sympathetic) dilates pupil
-constrictor pupillae (parasympathetic) constricts pupil

A

antagonistic effects

202
Q

a baseline firing frequency of sympathetics
-keeps vessels in state of partial constriction
-increase firing frequency
-decrease in firing frequency
-can shift blood flow from one organ to another as needed

A

sympathetic vasomotor tone

203
Q

increase in firing frequency

A

vasoconstriction

204
Q

decrease in firing frequency

A

vasodilation

205
Q

This division acting alone can exert opposite effects on the target organ through control of blood vessels. During stress…
-blood vessels to muscles and heart dilate
-blood vessels to skin constrict

A

sympathetic division

206
Q

study of effects of drugs on the nervous system

A

neuropharmacology

207
Q

this enhances sympathetic activity
-stimulate receptors or increase norepinephrine release
-cold medicines that dilate the bronchioles or constrict nasal blood vessels

A

sympathomimetics

208
Q

this suppresses sympathetic activity
-block receptors or inhibit norepinephrine release
-beta blockers reduce high BP interfering with effects of epinephrine/norepinephrine on heart and blood vessels

A

sympatholytics

209
Q

________ enhances activity while _________ suppresses activity

A

parasympathomimetics, parasympatholytics

Anatomy (10 decks)

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