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Anatomy > Muscles of the Crus > Flashcards

Muscles of the Crus Flashcards

1
Q

Craniolateral Muscles of the Leg

A
  • Cranial tibial m.
  • Long digital extensor m.
  • Peroneus (fibularis) longus m.
  • Lateral digital extensor m.
  • Peroneus brevis m.

Lots of species differences on the size of muscles

Species difference on whether they are present or absent

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2
Q

Cranial tibial m.

(DOG)

A

Most cranial, most medial muscle in the dog

Tendon goes down to the tarsal region

Attachments:

(O): Extensor groove of tibia

(O): Lateral edge of cranial tibial border

(I): The plantar surface of the base of Metatarsals 1 and 2

Action:

  • Flex the tarsocrucal joint
  • Rotate the paw laterally

Innervation:

  • Peroneal (Fibular) n.

Blood Supply:

  • Cranial tibial a.
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3
Q

Long digital extensor m.

(Dog)

A

Attachments:

(O): Extensor fossa of the femur

(I): Extensor process of distal phalanges 2

(I): Extensor process of distal phalanges 3

(I): Extensor process of distal phalanges 4

(I): Extensor process of distal phalanges 5

Action:

  • Extend the digital joints
  • Flex the tarsal joints
    • Has to happen together

Innervation:

  • Peroneal (Fibular) n.

Blood Supply:

  • Cranial tibial a.

** Need to remove the cranial tibial m.**

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4
Q

Crural extensor retinaculum

A

Long digital extensor runs under in the distal crus

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5
Q

Peroneus longus m.

DOG

(Fibularis longus m.)

A

Attachments:

(O): Lateral condyle of the tibia

(O): Proximal end of the fibula

(O): Lateral epicondyle of the femur

(I): 4th Tarsal bone

(I): Plantar aspect of the base of the metarsals

Action:

  • Flex the tarsal joints
    • AKA the “hock”
  • Rotate the paw medially

Innervation:

  • Peroneal (Fibural) n.

Blood Supply:

  • Cranial tibial a.
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6
Q

Peroneus brevis m.

DOGS ONLY!!!

A
  • Don’t need to disect

Arises in distal 2/3 of fibula

Actions:

  • Flex the hock

Innervation:

  • Peroneal (Fibular) n.
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7
Q

Popliteus m.

A
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8
Q

Fasciae of the leg

A
  • Similiar to the superficial fascia
  • Corresponds to the region
    • Superficial crural
    • Tarsal
    • Metatarsal
    • Digital fasciae
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9
Q

Tarsal extensor retinaculum

A

Long digital extensor runs under in the tarsus

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10
Q

Lateral digital extensor m.

(DOG)

(Very small in the dog)

A

Attachments:

(O): Proximal lateral tibia and fibula

(I): Digit 5

Action:

  • Flex the tarsal joints and extend digit 5

Innervation:

  • Peroneal (Fibular) n.

Blood Supply:

  • Cranial tibia a.
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11
Q

Long digital extensor m.

(Horse)

A

Most cranial muscle in the horse

  • Large muscle located cranially and superficially
  • Peroneus tertius m. (underneath)

Attachments:

(O): Extensor fossa (distal femur)

(I): Dorsal surface of phalanges, primairly on P3 (extensor process)

Action:

  • Extend the digital joints
  • Flex the tarsal joints
  • Has to happen together

Innervation:

  • Fibular n. (Peroneal n.)

Blood Supply:

  • Cranial tibial a.
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12
Q

Species difference for Horses

A

Absent in horses:

  • Peroneus brevis m.
  • Peroneus longus m.

Deep to Long digital extensor m. is Peroneus tertius m.

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13
Q

Peroneus tertius m.

(Horses)

A
  • Deep to the long digital extensor m.
  • Looks like a tendon
    • Entirely tendinous in adult horse
  • Partially wrapped in the long digital extensor m.

Attachments:

(O): Extensor fossa of the femur

(I): Dorsal tendon:

  • Proximal extremity of metatarsal bone & 3rd tarsal bone

(I): Lateral tendon:

  • Calcaneus & 4th tarsal bone

Action:

  • Link stifle and hock
  • Flex the hock

Innervation:

  • Peroneal n.
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14
Q

Clinical Correlation:

Horse with a ruptured Peroneus tertius m.

A

The horse is able to extend the hock when the stifle is flexed

Result = Overextension of the hock

Shouldn’t happen because the hock (ankle) should be flexed

Actions are linked!

Lame on trot

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15
Q

Cranial tibial m.

(Horses)

A

Deep to Peroneus tertius m.

Largely covered by the long digital extensor m.

Attachments:

(O): Tibial tuberosity and lateral condyle of tibia

Inserts with 2 tendons:

(I): Dorsal Tendon

  • Dorsal aspect of the proximal end of the 3rd metatarsal bone

(I): Medial Tendon/Cunean Tendon

  • Fused 1st and 2nd tarsal bones

Innervation:

  • Peroneal (Fibular) n.

Blood Supply:

  • Cranial tibial a.
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16
Q

Bone Spavin

A

Bony growth within the lower hock joint of horse or cattle

Most common cause of clinical lameness of the tarsus (“hock”) in horses

Caused by osteoarthritis

Enlargement of medial aspect of the hock, under the cunean tendon

Repair:

Cunean tenectomy

  • Cut tendon
  • Really severe osteoarthritis cases –> joint fusion
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17
Q

Lateral digital extensor m.

(Horses)

A

Caudal to the long digital extensor m.

Actions:

  • Flex the hock
  • Extend the tarsus

Innervation:

  • Peroneal n.

Blood Supply:

  • Cranial tibia a.
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18
Q

Short digital extensor m.

(Horses)

A

Located between tendons of long digital extensor m. and lateral digital extensor m.

Distal to the tarsus

Action:

  • Extension of the digits

Look at prosection in lab!

19
Q

Stringhalt

(Horses)

A
  • Exaggerated flexion of the tarsal joints (“hock”)
  • Horse may strike ventral abdomen with foot
  • Injury to the digital flexor muscles

Repair: Remove distal portion of the lateral digital extensor

20
Q

How many extensor retinacula does the canine have? Equine?

A

Canine = 2

  • Crural extensor retinaculum
  • Tarsal extensor retinaculum

Equine = 3

  • Proximal extensor retinaculum
  • Middle extensor retinaculum
  • Distal extensor retinaculum
21
Q

Extensor Retinacula

(Horses)

A

Proximal extensor retinaculum

Middle extensor retinaculum

Distal extensor retinaculum

Wraps around the long digital extensor m.

22
Q

A muscle that extends the digital joints always flexes the _________.

A

Tarsal joints

23
Q

Peroneus tertius m.

(Ruminant)

A

Large muscle located most cranial and superficial

24
Q

Extensor retinacula

(Ruminant)

A

Proximal extensor retinaculum

Distal extensor retinaculum

Courses over the tendons of:

  • Long digital extensor m.
  • Peroneus tertius m.
  • Cranial tibial m.
25
Q

Long digital extensor m.

(Ruminant)

A

2 digits = 2 tendons = 2 heads

Medial & lateral head

Medial head:

  • (I): Middle and distal phalanges of digit 3 (only!)

Lateral head:

  • (I): Extensor process of distal phalanges of 3 & 4
  • Common head

Look for the tendon split in lab

Action:

  • Extend the digital joints
  • Flex the tarsal joints
  • Has to happen together

Innervation:

  • Fibular n. (Peroneal n.)

Blood Supply:

  • Cranial tibial a.
26
Q

Cranial tibial m.

(Ruminant)

A

Deep to long digital extensor m.

Caudal to peroneus tertius m.

** No image**

27
Q

Lateral digital extensor m.

(Ruminant)

A

Caudal to peroneus longus m.

Attachments:

(O): Proximal lateral tibia and fibula

(I): Middle and distal phalanges of digit 4

Actions:

  • Extend the digits

Innervation:

  • Peroneal n.

Blood Supply:

  • Cranial tibia a.
28
Q

Short digital extensor m.

(Ruminant)

A
29
Q

Caudal muscles of the leg

A

Gastrocnemius m.

  • Multiple heads

Superficial digital flexor m.

Deep digital flexor m.

  • Multiple heads

Popliteus m.

Common calcanean tendon

30
Q

Muscles of the crus

(Species differences)

A
31
Q

Gastrocnemius m.

(DOG)

A

2 heads

  • Medial and lateral heads

Attachments:

(O): Medial supracondylar tuberosity of the femur

(O): Lateral supracondylar tuberosity of the femur

(I): Proximal dorsal surface of tuber calcanei

Action:

  • Extend the tarsal joints and flex the stifle joints

Innervation:

  • Tibial n.

Blood Supply:

  • Distal caudal femoral a.
32
Q

Gastrocnemius m.

(Horse and Cow)

A

3 heads

Medial, lateral, and soleus heads

Attachments:

(O): Medial supracondylar tuberosity of the femur

(O): Lateral supracondylar tuberosity of the femur

(I): Proximal dorsal surface of tuber calcanei

Action:

  • Extend the tarsal joints and flex the stifle joints
  • Soleus- helps extending the hock

Innervation:

  • Tibial n.

Blood Supply:

  • Distal caudal femoral a.
33
Q

Superficial digital flexor m.

(Dog, Horse, Cow)

A

Attachments:

(O): Lateral supracondylar tuberosity of the femur

(I): Tuber calcanei & base of middle phalanges of digits 2-5

Action:

  • Flex the proximal and middle digital joints of digits 2-5
  • Flex the stifle joint
  • Extend the tarsal joint

Innervation:

  • Tibial n.

Blood Supply:

  • Distal caudal femoral a.

** Both heads make up large portion of common calcanean tendon**

34
Q

Comon Calcanean Tendon

A

Achilles tendon in humans

Combination of multiple tendons for insertion on tuber calcanei

Continious muscles to tendon:

  • Major:
    • Gastrocnemius m.
    • Superficial digital flexor m.
  • Minor:
    • Biceps femoris m.
    • Gracillis m.
    • Semitendinosus m.
35
Q

Flexor Manica

A

Similiar to forelimb

Superficial digital flexor m. (attaches here)

Deep digital flexor m. passes through distal phalange

36
Q

Deep Digital Flexor m.

(Dogs)

A

2 Heads:

  • Lateral digital flexor m.
    • Covered by the flexor retinaculum
    • Larger than medial head
    • Joins medial head at the level of the distal tarsal bones
    • Forms common tendon
  • Medial digital flexor m.

Attachments:

(O): Caudal aspect of proximal 2/3 of tibia, proximal 1/2 of fibula and interosseous membrane

(I): Flexor tubercle of plantar surface of distal phalanges

Actions:

  • Flex the digits
  • Extend the tarsal joints

Innervation:

  • Tibial n.

Blood Supply:

  • Distal caudal femoral a.
37
Q

2 Heads:

  • Lateral digital flexor m.
    • Covered by the flexor retinaculum
    • Larger than medial head
    • Joins medial head at the level of the distal tarsal bones
    • Forms common tendon
  • Medial digital flexor m.
A
38
Q

Deep digital flexor m.

(Horses and Cows)

A

3 Heads:

  • Medial digital flexor m.
  • Lateral digital flexor m.
  • Caudal tibial flexor m.

Lateral head fuses with caudal tibial

  • Medial joins further distally

Attachments:

(O): Caudal aspect of proximal 2/3 of tibia, proximal 1/2 of fibula and interosseous membrane

(I): Flexor tubercle of plantar surface of distal phalanges

Actions:

Flex the digits

Extend the tarsal joints

Innervation:

Tibial n.

Blood Supply:

Distal caudal femoral a.

39
Q

Tarsal Tunnel

A

Allows for passage of:

  • Lateral digital flexor m.
  • Medial and lateral plantar n.
  • Caudal branch of saphenous v.

Borders:

  • Sustenaculum Tali (dorsally)
  • Calcanean tuber (laterally)
  • Flexor retinaculum (plantar side)
40
Q

Popliteus m.

A

Covered by Gastrocnemius m. & Superficial digital flexor m.

Medial muscle!

Attachments:

(O): Lateral epicondyle of the femur

(I): Proximal 1/3 of caudal surface of tibia

Action:

  • Rotate the leg medially

Innervation:

  • Tibial n.

Blood Supply:

  • Popliteal a.
41
Q

Interosseous m.

A

Similiar to forelimb

Action:

Flexor of the metatarsophalangeal joint

42
Q

Digital annular ligaments

(Dog)

A

Brace the digital flexor tendons

  • Plantar annular ligament
  • Proximal digital annular ligament
  • Distal digital annular ligament
43
Q

Digital Annular Ligaments

(Horse and Cow)

A

Horse:

Plantar Annular Ligament

Proximal digital annular ligament

Cow:

Proximal digital annular ligament

Distal digital annular ligament

Distal interdigital ligament

Anatomy (14 decks)

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