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Anatomy > Joints of the Pelvic Limb > Flashcards

Joints of the Pelvic Limb Flashcards

1
Q

Flexor Surfaces

A
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2
Q

Sacroiliac Joint

A
  • Connection of the sacrum and the wing of the illium
  • Stability joint, NOT MOVEMENT
    • Articular surfaces are united by fibrocartilage (hyaline cartilage)
  • Dorsal sacroiliac ligament
  • Ventral sacroiliac ligament
    • Ligaments reinforce the joint
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3
Q

Sacrotuberous Ligament

(Dogs)

A
  • Collagenous cord
  • Inserts on ischiatic tuberosity
  • Origin of several muscles

Large animals = Sacrosciatic ligament

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4
Q

Coxofemoral Joint (Hip Joint)

A
  • Ball and socket joint
  • Flexion and extension movements
    • Opposed action from medial and lateral rotator muscles limits movement
  • Joint capsule
    • Neck of the femur to acetabular lip
  • Ligament of the femoral head
    • Short, thick band of collagenous tissue
    • Covered by a synovial membrane
    • Acetabular attachment blends slightly with the transverse acetabular ligament
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5
Q

Transverse acetabular ligament

A
  • Connects the femur to the acetabulum
  • Ventrocaudal aspect of the acetabulum
  • Thick band of collagenous tissue

Attachments:

(O): Acetabular fossa

(I): Fovea capitis

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6
Q

Sacrosciatic Ligament

(Large Animals Only)

A

Collagenous cord

Inserts on ischiatic tuberosity

Origin of several muscles

Equivalent of the Sacrotuberous ligament in dogs

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7
Q

Accessory Ligament of the Femur

(Horses)

A

Detached from the prepubic ligament

Inserts close to the ligament of the femoral head

Restricts the way that a horse kicks

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8
Q

Coxofemoral Joint

A
  • Transverse acetabular ligament
    • Small, thick, collagenous band
    • Extends across the acetabular notch
  • Continues as the Acetabular lip
    • Forms a fibrocartilaginous border around the acetabulum
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9
Q

Stifle Joint Sacs

A

“The Knee”

Composed of 3 joint sacs that communicate with eachother:

  • 2 Femorotibial joint sacs
    • ​Medial and Lateral Femorotibial Joint Sac
      • Between femoral and tibial condyles
      • Extend caudally to incorporate the articulation of the gastrocnemius sesamoids (fabellae)
        • Lateral continues dorsally through extensor groove as the tendon sheath for the long digital extensor
        • Around the tendon of origin of popliteus m.
  • 1 Femoropatellar joint sac
    • Beneath the patella
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10
Q

Hip Luxation

A

Most commonly luxated joint in dogs

Dislocation of the hip joint

  • Displacement of the head of the femur from the acetabular socket

Result of trauma or severe hip dysplasia

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11
Q

Patellar Ligament

(Stifle Joint)

A
  • Attaches the patella to the tibial tuberosity (sits there)
  • Tendon of insertion for quadriceps femoris m.

Infrapatellar fat pad:

  • Protective cushion between patella and tibia
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12
Q

Infrapatellar fat pad

(Stifle Joint)

A

Protective cushion between patella and tibia

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13
Q

Radiograph of the Stifle Joint

A
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14
Q

Patellar Luxation

A

Patella is dislocated

  • Moves out of its normal location when the knee is flexed
  • Dog will have a problem bearing weight
  • Does not seem very painful

Caused by:

  • Shallow trochlear groove (most common)
  • Patellar ligament attachment (not at center)

Common in small and toy breed dogs

Surgery depends on severity

  • Happens once in awhile- pop back in
  • Happens all the time - deepen trochlear groove
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15
Q

Patellar Ligaments of the Large Animal

(3)

(Stifle Joint)

A

3 Patellar Ligaments (Dog has 1)

  • Lateral patellar ligament
  • Medial patellar ligament
    • Right behind the medial trochlear ridge
  • Middle patellar ligament

Important part of the stay apparatus in the horse

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16
Q

Femoropatellar ligaments (2)

(Stifle Joint)

A
  • Medial femoropatellar ligament
  • Lateral femoropatellar ligament
  • Extend from the patella to the sesamoids of the gastrocnemius m.
    • aka fabellae
17
Q

Meniscus

(Stifle Joint)

A
  • Semilunar fibrocartilage
    • “C” shape
  • Between each femoral condyle and corresponding tibial condyle
    • Medial meniscus
      • Attached to the medial collateral ligament
      • Only moves slightly when the stifle is flexed
    • Lateral meniscus
  • Compensate for the difference between the femur and the tibia
    • Cushioning between bones
    • Prevent grinding
  • Each attaches to intercondylar areas of the tibia via:
    • Cranial & caudal meniscotibial ligaments
    • Transverse ligament
18
Q

Cranial Meniscotibial Ligament

Caudal Meniscotibial Ligament

(Stifle Joint)

A

Each attaches to the corresponding intercondylar areas of the tibia

  • Cranial goes cranial
  • Caudal goes caudal

Image shows a top-down view

19
Q

Transverse ligament

(Stifle Joint)

A

Connects the cranial ends of the menisci to eachother

  • Medial and lateral menisci
20
Q

Meniscofemoral ligament

(Stifle Joint)

A

Attaches the caudal part of the lateral meniscus to the intercondylar fossa of the femur

21
Q

Cranial Cruciate Ligament

Caudal Cruciate Ligament

(Stifle Joint)

A

Pass between intercondylar areas of the tibia and femur

Cross eachother near their attachments in the intercondylar fossa of the femur

Cranial cruciate ligament:

  • (O): intercondylar fossa of the femur
  • (I): Caudomedial part of the lateral condyle
  • Keeps the tibia from sliding cranially when bearing weight
    • Prevents tibia from shooting forward
  • Limits medial rotation when flexed

Caudal cruciate ligament:

  • (O): Proximal intercondylar fossa of the femur
  • (I): Medial edge of the popliteal notch of the tibia, behind the caudal attachment of the medial meniscus
  • Prevents caudal movement of the tibia while bearing weight
22
Q

Ruptured Cranial Cruciate Ligament

(Stifle Joint)

A

Most common knee injury in dogs

  • Sudden rear leg lameness

Tibia won’t budge unless you have a ruptured cruciate ligament

  1. Cranial drawer sign
  • Stabilize the femur
  • Manipulate the tibia with the other hand
  • Tibia movement towards cranial cruciate ligament = ruptured
  • Usually need to sedate to do properly
    • Can’t have the dog tense - won’t see tear
  1. Tibial thrust
    * Less reliable

Multiple surgical repair techniques

  • Lateral suture stabilization
  • TPLO
    • Change the angle of the femur
23
Q

Femorotibial ligaments

Medial collateral ligament

Lateral collateral ligament

(Stifle Joint)

A

Medial collateral ligament

  • (O): Medial epicondyle of the femur
  • (I): Medial side of tibia (distal condyle)
  • Fuses with the lateral aspect of the medial meniscus

Lateral collateral ligament

  • (O): Lateral epicondyle of the femur
  • (I): Head of the fibula
  • Extends over the tendon of origin popliteus m.
  • Keeps the stifle from moving side-to-side
24
Q

Tarsal Joint

(aka “the Hock”)

(4 Major Joints)

A

Tarsocrural joint

Proximal intertarsal joint

Distal intertarsal joint

Tarsometatarsal joints

  • Numerous articulations for each
  • Numerous joint sacs

Medial and lateral collateral ligaments occur at the tarsal joint

25
**Tarsocrural joint** **(Tarsal Joint)**
Joint with the greatest amount of movement * Between the cochlea of the tibia and the trochlea of the talus **Hinge joint** Tarsocrural joint sac: * Largest * Has 4 pouches * Important for the horse! * Will palpate
26
**Proximal intertarsal joint** **(Tarsal Joint)**
27
**Distal intertarsal joint** **(Tarsal Joint)**
28
**Tarsometatarsal joint** **(Tarsal Joint)**
29
**Pouches of the Tarsocrural Joint Capsule** **(Horse)** **(Tarsal Joint)**
Access points = weak part of joint sacs * Distension * Feel like "squishes" Dorsomedial Pouch: * Largest access point * Preferred site for puncture * Medial malleolus * Peroneus tertius m. * Cunean tendon * Medial collateral ligament Medial Plantar Pouch: * Between medical collateral ligament and deep digital flexor tendon * @ level of medial malleolus Dorsolateral Pouch:(#2) * Dorsal to the lateral collateral ligament * Between long digital extensor tendon and lateral digital extensor tendon * Proximal to the short digital extensor tendon Lateral Plantar Pouch: * Between calcaneus talus and lateral malleolus of the tibia
30
**Tarsal Tunnel** **(Tarsal Joint)**
Borders: * Sustentaculum tali dorsally * Calcanean tuber laterally * Caudal covered by the flexor retinaculum Things that pass through this tunnel: Lateral digital flexor tendon m. Medial plantar n. Lateral plantar n. Caudal branch of Saphenous a.
31
**Metatarsophalangeal Joint** **aka- "The Fetlock"**
Similiar to the forelimb Joints 2-5 always represented * Metatarsophalangeal joint 1 typically absent, if dewclaw (digit 1) is absent * Hinge joints * Supported by collateral ligaments * Each has a pair of proximal sesamoid bones
32
**Flexor Manica** **(Metatarsophalangeal Joint)**
Picture is of a horse flexor manica Location of attachment of superficial digital flexor m. * Superficial digital flexor m. goes to the proximal plantar aspect of middle phalanges digits 2-5 Deep digital flexor m. passes through & goes to distal phalanges
33
**Phalangeal Joints** **(2)**
Proximal interphalangeal joint Distal interphalangeal joint Medial collateral ligament of the _____ joint. Lateral collateral ligament of the _____ joint. Proximal digital annular ligament Distal digital annular ligament
34
**Dewclaw removal**
Onychectomy Removal of P3 (third phalanx) Elective surgery Recommended to be done when cats are at a young age Less homeless and euthanized cats- pro con- more painful as you get older

Anatomy (14 decks)

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