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ANATOMY Q1 > Muscles > Flashcards

Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

Calcium is stored in what part of muscle fiber

A

smooth ER

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2
Q

In smooth muscle, Ca++ binds to

A

CALMODULIN (no troponin)

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3
Q

muscle that aids the prime mover

A

synergist

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4
Q

lastissumus dorsi (agonist or antagonist)

A

antagonist (extension)

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5
Q

muscles have single or multiple nucleus

A

multinuclear

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6
Q

membrane that surrounds entire muscle

A

epimysium

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7
Q

what system controls the heart

A

ANS

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8
Q

irreversible atrophy

A

muscle turns to collagen

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9
Q

muscle that produces the most force during a particular joint action

A

agonsit (prime mover)

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10
Q

no motor neurons exist in cardiac, skeletal or smooth muscle

A

smooth muscle

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11
Q

how is smooth muscle controlled

A

ANS

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12
Q

cardiac muscle contracts via

A

SA node

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13
Q

shorter and thicker sarcomeres exist in (cardiac or skeletal)

A

cardiac muscle

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14
Q

pectoralis major (agonist or antagonist)

A

agonist (flexion)

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15
Q

what type of muscle does not have motor neuron innervation

A

cardiac muscle

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16
Q

an alternate source of energy used by the cardiac muscle in times of oxygen interruption

A

lactic acid

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17
Q

sarcomeres are not found in what muscle type

A

smooth

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18
Q

muscle myofilaments consist of

A

actin and myosin

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19
Q

one neuron + all muscle fibers it innervates

A

motor unit

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20
Q

membrane surrounds individual muscle fiber

A

endomysium

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21
Q

Motor unit can be defined as

A

of muscle cells controlled by 1 nerve cell

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22
Q

how does the cardiac muscle make ATP

A

oxygen

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23
Q

load is moved in what type of muscle contraction (isometric or isotonic)

A

isotonic

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24
Q

muscle that opposes the prime mover

A

antagonist

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25
Q

Part of muscle that conducts nerve signals (action potentials) into and excites sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

T-tubules in sarcolemma (cell membrane of muscle fiber)

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26
Q

enzyme activated by CALMODULIN

A

light chain myokinase

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27
Q

What muscle attachment is relatively mobile

A

insertion (typically distal)

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28
Q

extensors are located on what side of the body

A

dorsal (except knee)

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29
Q

light chain myokinase

A

phosphorylates myosin

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30
Q

Motor neurons innervate what type of muscles

A

skeletal muscles

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31
Q

sarcomeres in what muscle type (smooth, cardiac, skeletal)

A

skeletal and cardiac (NOT smooth)

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32
Q

L.M.N. muscle

A

skeletal; smooth (sometimes)

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33
Q

Fives ways to learn muscles

A

location shape direction (fibers) # heads (ceps) size

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34
Q

large motor unit is defined as

A

one neuron + many non-specific muscle cells

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35
Q

calcium contributes to what functions

A

muscle contraction

nerve conduction

heartbeat

clotting

bones

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36
Q

calcium is released from sarcoplasmic reticulum when

A

signal received action potential that travels down t-tubule

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37
Q

Rough ER is involved in the synthesis of

A

proteins

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38
Q

muscles push or pull or both

A

pull only

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39
Q

large motor units are responsible for what type of movements

A

gross motor movements (posture, muscle tone)

40
Q

Muscle is a considered an

41
Q

less developed SR exists in cardiac or skeletal muscle

42
Q

Rough ER produces proteins involved in what type of functions

43
Q

Three types of muscles

A

smooth, cardiac, skeletal

44
Q

Action potentials come from

A

motor neuron

45
Q

response where muscle is able to be stretched but adapt to its new length (retains ability to contract)

A

stress-relaxation response in smooth muscle

46
Q

when bringing the muscle back down, tension is still constant but the muscle is lengthening (name of contraction)

A

eccentric contraction

47
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum is a reservoir for

48
Q

reversible atrophy

49
Q

Three characteristics of muscle tissue

A

Sends action potential

Contracts

Stretches

50
Q

when you first begin to lift a dumbbell with your arm (name of contraction)

A

isometric contraction

51
Q

slow, low force, wave-like, continuous contractions in cardiac, smooth or skeletal muscle

52
Q

no sarcomeres exist in cardiac, skeletal or smooth muscle

A

smooth muscle

53
Q

the turning off and on of motor units is responsible for

A

muscle tone

54
Q

Smooth ER is involved in the synthesis of

55
Q

What is the prime mover

56
Q

Membrane of muscle fiber

A

sarcolemma

57
Q

Striation of muscle depends on

A

arrangement of myofilaments

58
Q

Cytoplasm of the muscle fiber

A

sarcoplasm

59
Q

concentric contraction

A

isotonic, load is moved and muscle shortens

60
Q

type of muscle in the digestive tract, urinary tract, cardiovascular system, respiratory system, reproductive system

A

smooth muscle

61
Q

hypertrophy

A

muscle cells enlarge, more myofibrils

62
Q

Name the two points of muscle attachment

A

origin and insertion

63
Q

muscle contraction where muscles do not shorten

64
Q

serve as gap junctions and mechanical junctions in cardiac muscle

A

intercalated disks

65
Q

Infoldings of sarcolemma

66
Q

flexors are located on what side of the body

A

ventral (except knee)

67
Q

what muscle types(s) can regenerate

A

smooth muscle, skeletal (not well)

68
Q

tension increases in what type of contraction

69
Q

t-tubules are larger in skeletal or cardiac muscle

70
Q

A joint can move only if

A

a muscle crosses the joint

71
Q

what is admitted into the muscle from extracellular fluid (in cardiac muscle)

72
Q

Ca++ diffuses into what muscles from extracellular fluid

A

smooth and cardiac

73
Q

small motor units are responsible for what type of movements

A

fine motor movements (fingers, eyes)

74
Q

atrophy

A

smaller muscle cells due to non-use, lack of innervation, loss of myofibrils

75
Q

Muscle sit underneath what layers

A

skin (epidermis and dermis)

hypodermis

deep fascia

76
Q

constant tension

77
Q

no T-tubules and very little SR in cardiac, smooth or skeletal muscle

78
Q

Smooth ER of a muscle fiber

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

79
Q

muscle contraction where muscles do shorten

80
Q

small motor unit

A

one neuron + few specific muscle cells

81
Q

what muscle contains more mitochondria (smooth, cardiac or skeletal)

82
Q

Surrounds fascicle

A

perimysium

83
Q

Collection of muscle fibers

A

muscle fascicle

84
Q

prevents cells from coming apart during contraction and directly stimulates its neighbors

A

intercalated disks

85
Q

muscle that prevents a bone from moving

A

fixator (i.e. scapula prevented from moving when biceps move radius)

86
Q

Action potentials comes from what

A

motor neuron

87
Q

Muscle is composed of

A

fascicles > fibers (cell) > myofibrils > myofilaments

88
Q

What muscle attachment does not move

A

origin (typically proximal)

89
Q

myocardium, aorta, vena cava are made from what type of muscle

90
Q

muscle type that appears as shorter fibers with transverse striations running parallel and connected by complex junctions, single, central nucleus

91
Q

activity of what muscle type with strong, quick, continuous rhythmic contractions

92
Q

stimulation of this muscle type that is involuntary; intrinsically stimulated and propagated; modified by ANS

93
Q

stimulation of this muscle by ANS or enteric nervous system

94
Q

walls of hollow viscera and blood vessels, iris, and ciliary body of the eye, attached to hair follicles of the skin (arrector muscle)

96
Q

activity of muscle that is intermitent contraction above a baseline tonus; acts to produce movement (isotonic) through shortening (concentric) or controlled relaxation (eccentric), maintain position against gravity or other resistance without force (isometric)

97
Q

stimulation by somatic nervous system

ANATOMY Q1 (14 decks)

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