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year one biology > muscles > Flashcards

muscles Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the skeletal muscles attached to the skeleton with?

A

tendons

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2
Q

what are the areas where the tendon attach the muscle to two articulating bones called?

A

origin and insertion point. usually the muscles insertion point is on the movable bone.

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3
Q

what part of the muscle shortens and moves one bone towards the other when a muscle contracts?

A

the belly or middle

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4
Q

what is a first class lever?

A

A first-class lever works like a see-saw, with the fulcrum in the middle and the load and effort on opposite sides.

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5
Q

what motion uses a first-class lever system?

A

lifting the chin

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6
Q

what is a second class lever?

A

Second-class levers work like lifting a wheelbarrow, with the fulcrum (the wheels) on one end, the effort (lifting upwards) on the opposite end, and the load in the centre.

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7
Q

what motion uses a second class lever?

A

The motion of standing up on tiptoe uses a second-class lever system.

When the calf muscles contract, they pull upwards and move the weight of the body onto the ball of the foot.

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8
Q

what is a third class lever?

A

A third-class lever works like a fishing rod, with the fulcrum at one end, and the effort in the middle.

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9
Q

what is a motion that uses a third class lever?

A

The motion of lifting the hand and flexing the elbow uses a third-class lever system.

When the biceps contract, they pull the bones of the forearm upward. The forearm bones pivot on the elbow joint and pull the hand upward.

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10
Q

what muscles move the forehead and eyebrows?

A

The occipitofrontalis and corrugator supercilia muscles move the forehead and eyebrows

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11
Q

what muscles move open and close the eye?

A

the levator palpebrae superioris and orbicularis oculi muscles open and close the eye.

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12
Q

what are the 4 muscles of the upper mouth?

A

The orbicularis oris purses the lips, the zygomaticus muscles raise the corners of the mouth, the levator muscles elevate the upper lip and corners of the mouth, and the buccinator compresses the cheeks.

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13
Q

what are the 4 muscles of the lower mouth?

A

The depressor muscles draw the lower lip and corners of the mouth downwards, the risorius draws the lips laterally, the mentalis protrudes the lower lip, and the platysma helps depress the mandible and tense the neck.

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14
Q

what are the eccentric eye muscles?

A

The superior, inferior, lateral and medial rectus muscles make the eye look up, down, laterally and medially. The superior and inferior oblique muscles roll the eye down and up.

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15
Q

what muscles are used for chewing?

A

The masseter and temporalis muscles elevate the mandible during mastication (chewing), while the pterygoid muscles protrude the mandible and produce side-to-side grinding motion.

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16
Q

what do the muscles around the tongue do?

A

The muscles surrounding the tongue protrude, depress and elevate the tongue.

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17
Q

what do the suprahyoid muscles do?

A

The suprahyoid muscles elevate the hyoid bone and larynx, widening the pharynx and closing off the trachea during swallowing.

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18
Q

what do the infrahyoid muscles do?

A

The infrahyoid muscles draw the hyoid bone and larynx downward.

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19
Q

what do the muscles of the neck and upper vertebral column do?

A

Muscles of the neck and upper vertebral column flex and rotate the head and neck.

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20
Q

what do the splenius muscles do?

A

The splenius muscles laterally flex, extend, and rotate the neck.

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21
Q

what are the erector spinae?

A

The erector spinae are superficial back muscles that act as prime movers in extension of the vertebral column.

The spinalis muscles are most medial of the erector spinae and extend the vertebral column.

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22
Q

what are the longissimus muscles?

A

The longissimus muscles lie between the spinalis and iliocostalis. They extend and laterally flex the vertebral column.

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23
Q

what are the iliocostalis muscles?

A

The iliocostalis muscles are the most lateral of the erector spinae. They extend and laterally flex the vertebral column.

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24
Q

what are the transversospinales muscles of the vertebral column?

A

The transversospinales muscle group consists of the semispinalis, multifidus and rotators.

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25
Q

what are the semispinalis muscles?

A

The semispinalis muscles are deep back muscles that extend and rotate the vertebral column.

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26
Q

what are the rotator muscles?

A

The rotators are deep back muscles that extend and rotate the vertebral column.

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27
Q

what are the interspinals and intertransversarii muscles?

A

the interspinales extend the vertebral column, while the intertransversarii laterally flex it.

28
Q

what are the scalene muscles?

A

the scalene muscles flex and rotate the neck and elevate the upper two ribs during inspiration.

29
Q

what muscles flex the neck and vertebral column?

A

The longus capitis, longus colli, and quadratus lumborum flex the neck and vertebral column.

30
Q

what are the functions of the muscles of the abdomen?

A

The muscles of the abdomen have several functions: they compress and protect the viscera, aid in forced respiration, and rotate the trunk

31
Q

what muscles for the pelvic diaphragm?

A

The levator ani and coccygeus, which form the pelvic diaphragm, support the pelvic floor and draw it upward during defecation.

32
Q

what do the superficial transverse perineal muscles suport?

A

The superficial transverse perineal muscles support the central tendon of the perineum. The bulbo-spongiosus and ischiocavernosus maintain erection in the pelvis or clitoris.

33
Q

what does the deep transverse perineal support?

A

The deep transverse perineal supports the central tendon of the perineum and the external anal sphincter closes the anus.

34
Q

what do the external and internal intercostals assist in?

A

The diaphragm is the prime mover of inspiration. The external intercostals assist in inspiration, and the internal intercostals assist in forced expiration.

35
Q

shoulder girdle movements, anterior

A

The subclavius, pectoral is minor, and serratus anterior move the scapula and stabilise the shoulder girdle.

36
Q

shoulder girdle movements. posterior

A

The trapezius and elevator scapulae act as prime movers in elevation of the shoulder, while the rhomboids retract and stabilise the scapula.

37
Q

what are the prime movers of the arm?

A

The pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi and deltoid muscles cross the shoulder joint and insert on the humerus; these muscles are the prime movers of the arm.

38
Q

state

A

Additional muscles in the shoulder girdle and arm stabilize and assist in movements of the humerus.

39
Q

what do the muscles of the rotator cuff assist in?

A

The muscles of the rotator cuff assist in rotation of the arm and prevent dislocation of the shoulder joint.

40
Q

what are the main muscles of elbow flexion?

A

The biceps brachii and the brachialis are the main muscles of elbow flexion. The brachioradialis also assists in elbow flexion.

41
Q

what are the main muscles of elbow extension?

A

The triceps brachii are the main muscles of elbow extension. The anconaeus is a assisting muscle of extension.

42
Q

state

A

The pronator muscles pronate the forearm, rotating the radius. The supinator reverses their action.

43
Q

what are the superficial flexors of the hand?

A

The superficial flexors of the hand flex the wrist and, in the case of the flexor digitorum superficialis, digits 2-5.

44
Q

what are the deep flexors of the hand?

A

The deep flexors of the hand flex the thumb and fingers.

45
Q

what are the superficial flexors of the hand?

A

The superficial extensors of the hand extend the wrist. The extensor digitorum and extensor digiti minimi extend the digits and little finger.

46
Q

what are the deep extensors of the hand?

A

The deep extensors of the hand abduct and extend the thumb; the extensor indicis extends the index finger.

47
Q

what are the thenar muscles of the hand?

A

Thenar muscles of the hand move the thumb.

48
Q

what are the hypothenar muscles of the hand?

A

Hypothenar muscles of the hand move the little finger (5th digit).

49
Q

what are the midpalmar muscles?

A

Fine movements of the fingers are performed by midpalmar muscles. The lumbricals flex and extend the fingers, the palmar interossei adduct them, and the dorsal interossei abduct them.

50
Q

what are the iliopsoas muscles?

A

The iliopsoas muscles are flexors of the hip. The psoas major is involved in maintaining upright posture.

51
Q

what are the gluteal muscles?

A

the gluteal muscles extend and rotate the hip.

52
Q

what are the lateral rotators?

A

The lateral rotators are a series of small muscles near the hip joint that laterally rotate the hip

53
Q

anterior compartment of the thigh

A

The four heads of the quadriceps femoris extend the knee, and the sartorius in involved in knee and hip flexion.

54
Q

quadriceps

A

The four heads of the quadriceps femoris extend the knee and insert by a common tendon, the quadriceps tendon, into the patella.

55
Q

medial compartment of the thigh

A

The three adductor muscles, along with the pectineus and gracilis, adduct and rotate the hip.

56
Q

the posterior compartment of the thigh

A

The hamstrings are prime movers of the knee flexion and thigh extension.

57
Q

anterior lower leg muscles

A

Muscles of the anterior lower leg dorsiflex the ankle. The extensor digitorum longus and extensor hallucis longus extend digits 2-5 and the great toe.

58
Q

lateral lower leg muscles

A

Muscles of the lateral lower leg plantarflex and evert the foot while stabilizing the ankle.

59
Q

posterior lower leg muscles, superficial

A

The gastrocnemius and soleus insert by a common tendon, the Achilles or calcaneal tendon, into the calcaneus. Assisted by the plantaris, these muscles plantarflex the foot.

60
Q

posterior lower leg muscles, deep

A

Deep muscles of the posterior leg plantarflex and invert the foot. The two flexor muscles also flex the toes, and the popliteus rotates the leg.

61
Q

what are the dorsum muscles of the foot?

A

The dorsum or extensor muscles of the foot extend the toes.

62
Q

planter later 1 of the foot

A

The first and most superficial planter layer of foot muscles contains muscles that flex and abduct the toes.

63
Q

plantar layer 2 of the foot

A

The second plantar layer contains muscles that flex the toes.

64
Q

plantar layer three of the foot

A

The third plantar layer contains muscles that flex and adduct the toes.

65
Q

plantar layer four of the foot

A

The fourth and deepest plantar layer consists of the dorsal and plantar interossei, which abduct and adduct the toes.

year one biology (11 decks)

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